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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...

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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Published on: July 4, 2007

Update on progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

Israel Steiner1, Joseph R Berger

  • 1Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Campus, 49100 Petach Tikva, Israel. isteiner@cc.huji.ac.il

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
|September 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a severe brain infection caused by JC virus, impacts immunocompromised individuals. Recent research highlights its pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy, and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) complications.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurovirology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare, fatal opportunistic infection of the central nervous system.
  • It is primarily associated with conditions like AIDS and treatments involving immunosuppressive therapies, particularly monoclonal antibodies.
  • The causative agent is the human JC virus (a polyoma virus), with no existing animal model for the disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated overview of recent findings on PML.
  • To discuss advancements in understanding the pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies for PML.
  • To examine the role and management of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in PML patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature and clinical data.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on JC virus pathogenesis.
  • Synthesis of information on diagnostic techniques and therapeutic interventions for PML.
  • Evaluation of clinical observations related to IRIS in PML.

Main Results:

  • Recent years have yielded significant insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying PML pathogenesis.
  • Improved diagnostic approaches are enhancing early detection of PML.
  • Therapeutic strategies are evolving, though challenges remain, particularly concerning IRIS.
  • Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a critical consideration during PML management, often requiring specific interventions.

Conclusions:

  • PML remains a significant threat in immunocompromised populations, necessitating continued research.
  • A deeper understanding of pathogenesis and host-immune response is crucial for developing effective treatments.
  • Management strategies must address both the viral infection and potential complications like IRIS.