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Conjugated Proteins

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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
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Conjugated Proteins

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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
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Protein Glycosylation

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes

Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes

Published on: December 19, 2020

Glycoconjugate vaccines.

¹Mater Dei Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Msida, Malta. dpace@go.net.mt

Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy

|September 21, 2012

Summary

Glycoconjugate vaccines offer a sustainable approach to prevent serious bacterial infections like Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis. These advanced vaccines provide robust immune responses across all ages, surpassing older polysaccharide vaccines.

Area of Science:

Immunology
Vaccinology
Microbiology

Background:

Serious bacterial infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis pose a significant global disease burden.
Invasive infections with these pathogens can lead to severe outcomes, including death or disability.
Active immunization is the primary strategy for preventing these infections.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the immunology of vaccination against key bacterial pathogens.
To describe the immunogenicity, safety, and impact of glycoconjugate vaccines for Hib, S. pneumoniae, and N. meningitidis.
To compare the immune response elicited by glycoconjugate vaccines versus plain polysaccharide vaccines.

Main Methods:

Literature review focusing on glycoconjugate vaccine immunology.

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Analysis of immunogenicity and safety data for vaccines against Hib, S. pneumoniae, and N. meningitidis.

Comparative assessment of immune responses to polysaccharide and glycoconjugate vaccine formulations.

Main Results:

Glycoconjugate vaccines induce robust immune responses in individuals of all ages.
These vaccines have demonstrated significant impact in preventing invasive bacterial infections.
The immune response to glycoconjugate vaccines is generally superior to that of plain polysaccharide vaccines.

Conclusions:

Glycoconjugate vaccines represent a more sustainable long-term immunization option compared to polysaccharide vaccines.
Ongoing surveillance is essential to monitor epidemiological shifts and guide future vaccination strategies.
While generally effective, booster doses may be required for sustained protection, and vaccine accessibility inequities persist.