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Related Concept Videos

Dosage Regimen: Individualization01:24

Dosage Regimen: Individualization

Individualization in dosing regimens is the customization of medication doses for individual patients. Its necessity arises from the goal of maximizing therapeutic benefits while minimizing risks. This approach is pivotal because human responses to drugs can vary widely; what is effective for one person may be inadequate or excessive for another. Interpatient (intersubject) variability refers to differences in drug responses between individuals, while intrapatient (intrasubject) variability...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...

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Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
08:49

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Published on: October 16, 2013

Individualized dosing with anesthetic agents.

H J M Lemmens1, D R Stanski

  • 1Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. hlemmens@stanford.edu

Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
|September 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics allow anesthesiologists to rationally select and dose anesthetic agents. Individualized dosing based on patient factors is replacing empirical methods, reducing complication risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Fundamental concepts of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are crucial in anesthesiology.
  • Rational drug selection and dosing enhance patient safety and outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the impact of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles on anesthetic drug administration.
  • To emphasize the shift from empirical to individualized dosing strategies in anesthesia.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles.
  • Analysis of clinical scenarios and patient populations.
  • Evaluation of dosing strategies in anesthesiology.

Main Results:

  • Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics enable rational basis for anesthetic agent selection and dosing.
  • Individualized dosing in diverse clinical settings reduces complication risks.
  • Empirical dosing is declining in anesthesia practice.

Conclusions:

  • Application of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic concepts is essential for safe and effective anesthesia.
  • Personalized anesthetic management improves patient care and minimizes adverse events.
  • Continued research into drug response variability will further refine anesthetic practices.