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Related Concept Videos

Adhesion01:14

Adhesion

Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
Capillary action is a result of water’s adhesive tendencies. When a narrow glass...
Tension Response at Adherens Junctions01:26

Tension Response at Adherens Junctions

The adherens junctions that anchor cells together are multi-protein complexes that dynamically adapt to mechanical stimuli such as tensile forces and shear stress. Mechanosensory proteins in these junctions can sense such mechanical stimuli and undergo a shift in their conformation, resulting in an altered function — a process called mechanotransduction.
α-Catenin as a Mechanosensory Protein
The α-catenin of adherens junctions is an allosteric protein with three VH (vinculin homology) domains...
Anchoring Junctions01:03

Anchoring Junctions

Anchoring junctions are multiprotein complexes that help cells connect to other cells and the extracellular matrix. Anchoring junctions are present on the lateral and basal surfaces of cells, providing strong and flexible connections. Focal adhesions are often formed due to cell interactions with the ECM substrata, which initiate signal transduction via kinase cascades and other mechanisms. Together, they provide stability and tissue integrity. There are three types of anchoring junctions:...

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Updated: May 18, 2026

Atomic Force Microscopy Cantilever-Based Nanoindentation: Mechanical Property Measurements at the Nanoscale in Air and Fluid
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Macroscale adhesion of gecko setae reflects nanoscale differences in subsurface composition.

Peter Loskill1, Jonathan Puthoff, Matt Wilkinson

  • 1Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
|September 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Subsurface layer thickness significantly impacts material adhesion. Even nanometer-scale variations in silicon oxide layers alter adhesion forces, as demonstrated by gecko-inspired structures and theoretical models.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science
  • Tribology

Background:

  • Surface energy is crucial for determining material adhesion.
  • Long-range forces, like van der Waals forces, are influenced by subsurface material structure.
  • Previous research suggested subsurface energies affect interfacial adhesion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how subsurface layer thickness influences macroscopic adhesion forces.
  • To provide empirical evidence for the role of 'subsurface energy' in inhomogeneous materials.
  • To correlate theoretical predictions with experimental observations of adhesion.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized silicon wafers with varying nanometer-scale oxide layer thicknesses.
  • Employed gecko setal arrays as tribological probes to measure adhesion.
  • Functionalized substrates with octadecyltrichlorosilane monolayers for further analysis.
  • Performed theoretical calculations to model van der Waals interaction potentials.

Main Results:

  • Nanometer-scale differences in SiO(2) layer thickness led to significant macroscale adhesion variations.
  • Si/SiO(2) bilayers showed stronger adhesion with thinner SiO(2) layers (approx. 2 nm).
  • Substrate functionalization confirmed the influence of SiO(2) thickness on adhesion.
  • Theoretical calculations supported the experimental findings by showing altered van der Waals potentials.

Conclusions:

  • The thickness of subsurface layers demonstrably affects macroscopic adhesion forces.
  • This study provides the first empirical evidence that 'subsurface energy' influences adhesion in inhomogeneous materials.
  • Understanding subsurface effects is critical for designing materials with tailored adhesive properties.