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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4
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Toxocara encephalitis presenting with autonomous nervous system involvement.

F Caldera1, M E Burlone, C Genchi

  • 1SCDU Medicina Interna I, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy.

Infection
|September 22, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human toxocariasis, a parasitic infection, can cause severe neurological issues. Early diagnosis, aided by molecular techniques, is crucial for effective treatment and recovery from conditions like eosinophilic meningitis.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Human toxocariasis is a zoonotic parasitic infection known to manifest with diverse neurological syndromes.
  • Cerebral toxocariasis is rare and often undiagnosed due to nonspecific symptoms and limited diagnostic tools.

Observation:

  • A 54-year-old man developed abdominal pain and paralytic ileus after consuming raw snails.
  • He later presented with neurological deficits including mental clouding, nystagmus, ataxia, and eosinophilic meningitis.

Findings:

  • Diagnosis of Toxocara canis cerebral infection was confirmed by positive serology and detection of parasite DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  • The patient experienced a full recovery after treatment with albendazole and corticosteroids.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of considering toxocariasis in patients with unexplained neurological symptoms, especially after potential exposure routes like raw snail ingestion.
  • Advances in molecular biology facilitate earlier and more accurate diagnosis of cerebral toxocariasis.
  • Physicians should be aware of this rare but treatable neurological condition.