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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased ATP...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Isolation of mRNAs Associated with Yeast Mitochondria to Study Mechanisms of Localized Translation
14:44

Isolation of mRNAs Associated with Yeast Mitochondria to Study Mechanisms of Localized Translation

Published on: March 15, 2014

Pleiotropic mutations within two yeast mitochondrial cytochrome genes block mRNA processing.

G M Church, P P Slonimski, W Gilbert

    Cell
    |December 1, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary

    Yeast mitochondrial gene mutations affect RNA processing. Some mutations in cytochrome b disrupt a required RNA, while oxi-3 mutations may create an inhibitory activity impacting RNA maturation.

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    Last Updated: May 11, 2026

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    Mitochondrial Transformation in Baker's Yeast to Study Translation and Respiratory Complex Assembly

    Published on: June 7, 2024

    Area of Science:

    • Mitochondrial genetics
    • RNA processing
    • Molecular biology

    Background:

    • Yeast mitochondrial genes, including cob-box (cytochrome b) and oxi-3 (cytochrome oxidase 40,000 dalton subunit), encode essential proteins.
    • These genes are transcribed into large precursor mRNAs (7-10 kb) that undergo complex processing.
    • RNA processing is crucial for generating functional messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for protein synthesis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the role of specific mutations in yeast mitochondrial genes on mRNA processing.
    • To identify the molecular mechanisms by which mutations in cob-box and oxi-3 genes affect RNA maturation.
    • To understand the interplay between different mitochondrial genes in the processing pathway.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of RNA processing steps in yeast mutants.
    • Characterization of mutations affecting cob-box and oxi-3 gene expression.
    • Investigating the nature of trans-acting factors involved in mRNA maturation.

    Main Results:

    • Mutations in the cob-box gene lead to pleiotropic effects, blocking RNA maturation at various steps.
    • These cytochrome b mutants appear to lack a functional trans-acting RNA essential for processing both cob-box and oxi-3 mRNAs.
    • Mutations in the oxi-3 gene may result in the production of an inhibitory activity that interferes with specific RNA processing steps.

    Conclusions:

    • The processing of cob-box and oxi-3 mRNAs is interdependent and regulated by specific factors.
    • A trans-acting RNA is critical for the coordinated maturation of these mitochondrial mRNAs.
    • Oxi-3 mutations can disrupt RNA processing through inhibitory mechanisms, highlighting complex regulatory pathways.