Nerve injury causes long-term attentional deficits in rats

Human chronic pain sufferers frequently report problems with attention and concentration that affect daily functioning and quality of life. Chronic pain is also commonly associated with anxiety and depression. It is currently not known if the pain causes these co-morbidities, or if they are pre-disposing risk factors for the development of chronic pain. Animal studies suggest a possible causative effect of pain on cognition, but usually tests are conducted during acute ongoing pain when the pain may act as a distracter to normal cognitive and emotional processing. Here we examine long-term effects of nerve injury on cognitive functioning in a rat model, which contributes to better understanding of the relationship between cognitive impairment and chronic pain experience in human populations. This study investigated attentional capability, anxiety-like behavior and sensory functioning 6 months after spared nerve injury (SNI) surgery-a time-point well beyond the acute pain phase and akin to decades of pain experience in humans. Male Long Evans rats subjected to nerve injury remained hypersensitive to sensory stimuli from the time of injury to the 6-month post-injury assessment. At 6 months they were impaired on a visual non-selective, non-sustained attention task and displayed anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated plus maze. These findings show that cognitive disturbances observed during acute pain persist for months in a rodent chronic pain model and suggest that cognitive alterations in chronic pain patients are at least partially caused by the chronic pain state.