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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
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Antigen Processing Pathways

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Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
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HIV and HLA class I: an evolving relationship.

Philip J R Goulder1, Bruce D Walker

  • 1Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA 02114, USA. philip.goulder@paediatrics.ox.ac.uk

Immunity
|September 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection clearance is not observed naturally. However, specific HLA-B alleles influence viral control and evolution, impacting HIV vaccine development.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Vaccine development typically relies on natural pathogen clearance, a process absent in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection.
  • The correlates of immune protection against HIV remain incompletely understood.
  • Variability in disease outcomes and partial control of viremia occur in HIV-infected individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class I alleles, particularly HLA-B, in modulating antiviral mechanisms against HIV.
  • To explore how HLA-B interactions influence HIV evolution and host responses.
  • To assess the implications of these findings for developing an effective HIV vaccine.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of existing studies linking HLA class I alleles, specifically HLA-B, to HIV disease outcomes.
  • Examination of proposed antiviral mechanisms associated with HLA-dependent and epitope-dependent influences.
  • Review of evidence regarding the impact on viral and host evolution.

Main Results:

  • Consistent association found between specific HLA class I alleles (especially HLA-B) and extreme variations in HIV disease outcomes.
  • Evidence suggests both HLA-dependent and epitope-dependent mechanisms contribute to viral control.
  • These interactions significantly impact the evolutionary trajectory of HIV and the host immune system.

Conclusions:

  • HLA-B alleles play a critical role in modulating viral control and influencing the evolution of HIV.
  • Understanding HLA-B's role is crucial for deciphering immune protection correlates.
  • These insights are vital for guiding the future development of effective HIV vaccines.