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TFIIIC bound DNA elements in nuclear organization and insulation.

Jacob G Kirkland1, Jesse R Raab, Rohinton T Kamakaka

  • 1Department of MCD Biology, 249 Sinsheimer Labs, 1156 High Street, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|September 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and TFIIIC-bound sites act as insulators and organize genomes in yeast and mammals. Their precise roles and interactions with RNA polymerase II (pol II) transcription require further study.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Transfer RNA (tRNA) genes (tDNAs) exhibit barrier insulator function and contribute to genome organization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • TFIIIC-bound sites, including Extra-TFIIIC (ETC) sites, also function as insulators and influence genome organization across species.
  • Recent studies in mammalian cells reveal that SINEs and tDNAs act as enhancer-blocking and barrier insulators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the known data on pol III factors in insulation and genome organization.
  • To identify open questions and areas requiring further investigation regarding TFIIIC-based genomic organization.
  • To explore the interplay between pol III factors and pol II transcribed genes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on tRNA genes, TFIIIC, and genome organization.
  • Analysis of data from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe) and mammalian systems (mouse, human).
  • Examination of the roles of TFIIIC-bound sites, ETC sites, and SINEs in insulation and chromatin structure.

Main Results:

  • tDNAs and TFIIIC-bound sites are crucial for genome organization and insulation in diverse organisms.
  • TFIIIC binding sites, including ETC sites, tether genomic regions to the nuclear periphery.
  • tDNAs and ETCs form distinct clusters, separate from pol II transcribed genes, yet TFIIIC localizes near pol II start sites.

Conclusions:

  • Pol III factors, particularly TFIIIC, play significant roles in establishing genome architecture and regulating gene expression through insulation.
  • The functional consequences of TFIIIC-mediated genomic organization and its influence on pol II transcription remain largely unexplored.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the intricate mechanisms and cross-talk between pol III machinery and pol II transcription.