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Related Concept Videos

Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction01:30

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction

Drug–drug interactions can precipitate toxicity through multiple mechanisms. Absorption interactions alter how drugs enter the body, exemplified when ranitidine increases the absorption of basic drugs, while cholestyramine decreases the levels of propranolol. Protein binding interactions occur when drugs share the same binding sites on plasma proteins. Drugs like aspirin and warfarin, when bound in excess, can lead to increased free drug concentrations, enhancing the potential for...
Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation
17:28

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation

Published on: June 17, 2015

Bridging environmental mixtures and toxic effects.

Sarah E Allan1, Brian W Smith, Robert L Tanguay

  • 1Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
|September 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The Biological Response Indicator Devices Gauging Environmental Stressors (BRIDGES) tool quantifies contaminant toxicity in rivers using zebrafish. This method links specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to observed toxic effects in complex environmental mixtures.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Bioanalytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Environmental monitoring often struggles to assess the toxicity of complex chemical mixtures.
  • Bioavailability and mixture effects are critical factors in ecological risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the Biological Response Indicator Devices Gauging Environmental Stressors (BRIDGES) tool for assessing contaminant toxicity.
  • To correlate chemical contaminants with toxic effects in riverine environments.
  • To identify key polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) driving toxicity in complex mixtures.

Main Methods:

  • Deployment of passive sampling devices (PSDs) in the Willamette and Columbia Rivers.
  • Analysis of PSD extracts for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other chemicals.
  • Assessment of extract toxicity using the embryonic zebrafish developmental toxicity bioassay.
  • Application of multivariate modeling to link chemical data with toxicological effects.

Main Results:

  • The BRIDGES tool provided site-specific, temporally resolved toxicity data.
  • Multivariate modeling identified spatial and temporal trends in PAH concentrations and toxicity.
  • A subset of PAHs was significantly correlated with observed developmental toxicity in zebrafish.
  • The study demonstrated methods for associating toxic effects with chemical characteristics of environmental samples.

Conclusions:

  • The BRIDGES tool effectively measures the toxicity of bioavailable complex mixtures.
  • Specific PAHs are key contributors to the observed toxicity in the studied river systems.
  • Advanced modeling can help elucidate chemistry-toxicity relationships in environmental samples.