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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Rh Blood Group01:19

Rh Blood Group

The Rhesus (Rh) antigen is crucial in determining blood groups and ensuring compatibility during blood transfusions.
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
04:11

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Hepatitis B in pregnancy.

Guglielmo Borgia1, Maria Aurora Carleo, Giovanni Battista Gaeta

  • 1Department of Public Medicine and Social Security, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy. borgia@unina.it

World Journal of Gastroenterology
|September 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Managing chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection during pregnancy requires careful consideration of maternal-fetal health. This review guides physicians on HBV effects, transmission risks, antiviral prophylaxis, and delivery/breastfeeding decisions.

Keywords:
BreastfeedingElective caesarean sectionEntecavirHepatitis B virusLamivudinePregnancyTelbivudineTenofovirTherapy

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Published on: February 1, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Obstetrics
  • Virology

Background:

  • Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection impacts 350 million globally.
  • Pregnancy presents unique challenges in managing HBV infection.
  • Current management strategies require careful consideration due to peculiar aspects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a clinical tool for physicians managing HBV infection in pregnancy.
  • To review the interplay between pregnancy and HBV infection.
  • To assess strategies for preventing mother-to-child HBV transmission.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on HBV in pregnancy.
  • Analysis of maternal-fetal effects of HBV.
  • Evaluation of prophylaxis and treatment strategies.
  • Review of delivery and infant feeding evidence.

Main Results:

  • Pregnancy can alter HBV infection dynamics, and vice versa.
  • Despite prophylaxis, mother-to-newborn HBV transmission remains a concern.
  • Antiviral drugs offer potential prevention, with considerations for efficacy, teratogenicity, and timing.
  • Evidence regarding delivery mode and breastfeeding is examined.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal management of HBV in pregnancy necessitates a comprehensive approach.
  • Antiviral therapy and careful delivery/feeding choices are crucial for preventing transmission.
  • Physicians need updated guidance to navigate complex HBV pregnancy cases effectively.