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Fermi Level

Fermi Level

The Fermi-Dirac function is represented by an S-shaped curve indicating the probability of an energy state being occupied by an electron at a given temperature. The Fermi level is the energy level at which there is a fifty percent chance of finding an electron, and it is positioned between the lower-energy valence band and the higher-energy conduction band.
At absolute zero temperature, electrons fill all energy states up to the Fermi level, leaving upper states empty. As the temperature rises,...

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.

Fermi Level Dynamics

Fermi Level Dynamics

The vacuum level denotes the energy threshold required for an electron to escape from a material surface. It is usually positioned above the conduction band of a semiconductor and acts as a benchmark for comparing electron energies within various materials.
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The Pauli Exclusion Principle

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Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra. Schrödinger...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

Quantum degenerate dipolar Fermi gas.

Mingwu Lu¹, Nathaniel Q Burdick, Benjamin L Lev

¹Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|September 26, 2012

Summary

Researchers created the first quantum degenerate dipolar Fermi gas using dysprosium atoms. This breakthrough enables new studies into quantum liquid crystalline phases and strongly correlated physics.

Area of Science:

Atomic Physics
Quantum Gases
Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

Exploring quantum degenerate Fermi gases is crucial for understanding strongly correlated quantum phenomena.
Dipolar interactions in quantum gases offer unique avenues for novel quantum phases.
Ultracold atomic gases provide a versatile platform for fundamental physics research.

Purpose of the Study:

To realize the first quantum degenerate dipolar Fermi gas.
To investigate quantum liquid crystalline phases.
To explore the role of dipolar scattering in ultracold Fermi gases.

Main Methods:

Laser cooling of spin-polarized dysprosium-161 (161Dy) atoms to 10 μK.
Sympathetic cooling of 161Dy using ultracold bosonic dysprosium-162 (162Dy).

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Forced evaporative cooling of spin-polarized 161Dy.

Main Results:

Achieved a quantum degenerate Fermi gas of 161Dy with T/T(F)=0.2.
Created a nearly quantum degenerate dipolar Bose-Fermi gas mixture.
Reached a temperature ratio of T/T(F)=0.7 for 161Dy via evaporative cooling.

Conclusions:

The creation of a quantum degenerate dipolar Fermi gas opens new frontiers in strongly correlated physics.
The observed low temperature ratio may indicate universal dipolar scattering.
This work paves the way for studying quantum liquid crystalline phases in dipolar Fermi gases.