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Related Concept Videos

Fast Reactions01:27

Fast Reactions

Fast reactions occurring in times shorter than the time needed to mix reactants pose a unique challenge for investigation. In a liquid-phase continuous-flow system, reactants A and B are swiftly pushed into the mixing chamber, where mixing occurs within 1 ms. The reaction mixture then flows through an observation tube, and one measures light absorption to determine species concentrations at various points of the tube. This method is most appropriate when relatively large volumes of reactants...
In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods01:17

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods

Alternative drug dissolution methods include the rotating bottle, intrinsic dissolution test, peristalsis, and the Franz diffusion cell method. The rotating bottle method involves meticulously rotating tightly capped controlled-release beads in a temperature-controlled bath. Periodic decanting of samples allows for residue assay, followed by refilling with fresh medium and testing at various pH levels to emulate the gastrointestinal tract conditions.In contrast, the intrinsic dissolution test...
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In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II

Various dissolution methods are utilized to assess a drug’s dissolution rate, including the flow-through cell, paddle-over-disk, cylinder, and reciprocating disk methods.The flow-through cell apparatus (USP (United States Pharmacopeia) method 4) comprises a reservoir for the dissolution medium and a pump that propels the medium through the cell containing the test sample. This method is crucial for assessing modified-release dosage forms with minimally soluble active ingredients, maintaining...
Drug Discovery: Overview01:26

Drug Discovery: Overview

Drug discovery is a multifaceted process involving extensive screening, testing, and optimization of lead compounds to identify potential new drugs for therapeutic use. It combines several approaches, including screening large numbers of natural products, chemical modification of known active molecules, identification of new drug targets, and rational design based on biological mechanisms and drug-receptor structure. These approaches are carried out in both academic research laboratories and...
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Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
07:06

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Published on: November 15, 2017

Microwave and continuous flow technologies in drug discovery.

Sara Sadler1, Alexander R Moeller, Graham B Jones

  • 1Northeastern University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 102 Hurtig Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery
|September 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Microwave and continuous flow microreactors accelerate pharmaceutical synthesis, reducing reaction times from days to minutes. These technologies enhance efficiency and greenness in drug discovery and manufacturing.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Process Chemistry

Background:

  • Microwave and continuous flow microreactors are established heating technologies in pharmaceutical laboratories.
  • These technologies are integral to modern drug discovery workflows.
  • Ongoing design and engineering improvements continue to enhance their utility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the applications of microwave and continuous flow heating in various chemical synthesis areas.
  • To describe the integration of microwave and continuous flow platforms.
  • To highlight their use in radiopharmaceutical preparation and drug candidate development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on publications from 2000-2012, with earlier key citations.
  • Analysis of applications in library, combinatorial, solid-phase, metal-assisted, and protein chemistries.
  • Examination of combined microwave and continuous flow systems.

Main Results:

  • Microwave irradiation drastically reduces reaction times from days to minutes.
  • Continuous flow microreactors improve the environmental footprint and efficiency of synthetic operations.
  • The synergy of these technologies offers significant advantages for pharmaceutical development.

Conclusions:

  • Microwave and continuous flow technologies are revolutionizing pharmaceutical synthesis.
  • They enable faster, greener, and more efficient chemical processes.
  • These advancements hold transformative potential for drug discovery and manufacturing.