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Updated: May 18, 2026

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
Published on: November 15, 2013
Unified description of Nambu-Goldstone bosons without Lorentz invariance
Haruki Watanabe1, Hitoshi Murayama
1Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. hwatanabe@berkeley.edu
Abstract:
Using the effective Lagrangian approach, we clarify general issues about Nambu-Goldstone bosons without Lorentz invariance. We show how to count their number and study their dispersion relations. Their number is less than the number of broken generators when some of them form canonically conjugate pairs. The pairing occurs when the generators have a nonzero expectation value of their commutator. For non-semi-simple algebras, central extensions are possible. The underlying geometry of the coset space in general is partially symplectic.
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