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Related Concept Videos

What is Weather?01:07

What is Weather?

Overview
Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions01:28

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
Momentum And Radiation Pressure01:20

Momentum And Radiation Pressure

An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container. Nichols...
Continuous Charge Distributions01:17

Continuous Charge Distributions

Imagine a bucket of water. It contains many molecules, of the order of 1026 molecules. Thus, although it contains discrete elements (molecules) at the microscopic level, macroscopically, it can be considered continuous. Small volume elements of water, infinitesimal compared to the bulk of the bucket's volume, still contain many molecules. Under this framework, quantized matter is approximated as continuous for practical purposes.
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Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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Eddy Currents01:25

Eddy Currents

Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

X-ray Beam Induced Current Measurements for Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy of Solar Cells
10:16

X-ray Beam Induced Current Measurements for Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy of Solar Cells

Published on: August 20, 2019

Intermittency and local heating in the solar wind.

K T Osman1, W H Matthaeus, M Wan

  • 1Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom. kto@udel.edu

Physical Review Letters
|September 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Solar wind turbulence causes localized, intermittent heating near current sheets. These structures, though rare, significantly contribute to plasma internal energy, potentially explaining coronal heating.

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X-ray Beam Induced Current Measurements for Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy of Solar Cells
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Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data
09:55

Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data

Published on: December 12, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Space Physics
  • Plasma Physics
  • Astrophysics

Background:

  • The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun.
  • Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence is a key process in the solar wind.
  • Understanding solar wind heating is crucial for space weather prediction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate nonuniform heating in the solar wind plasma.
  • To identify the role of current sheets generated by MHD turbulence in plasma heating.
  • To quantify the contribution of coherent structures to solar wind internal energy.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of ACE spacecraft measurements.
  • Identification of current sheets and associated coherent structures.
  • Statistical analysis of plasma properties, including proton temperature and number density.

Main Results:

  • Evidence of nonuniform heating near dynamically generated current sheets.
  • Coherent structures constitute 19% of data but contribute 50% of plasma internal energy.
  • Intermittent heating observed as proton temperature elevations near current sheets, lasting for hours.
  • Number density of non-Gaussian structures correlates with mean proton temperature and solar wind speed.

Conclusions:

  • Magnetofluid turbulence drives intermittent dissipation via a hierarchy of coherent structures.
  • These structures are a significant contributor to coronal and solar wind heating.
  • The findings provide insights into the energy transfer mechanisms in the solar wind.