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Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution01:10

Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution

For any given polymer, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is higher than, if not equal to, the number average molecular weight (Mn). The only situation in which the weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are equal is when a polymer consists only of chains with equal molecular weight. However, this never happens in a synthetic polymer, since it is difficult to control the polymerization process up to a molecular level with accuracy to a hundred percent.
Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
Determination of Molar Masses of Polymers I01:24

Determination of Molar Masses of Polymers I

Polymerization produces macromolecules with a range of chain lengths due to the random nature of molecular growth processes. As chains form and terminate at different stages, a single polymer sample contains molecules of varying sizes rather than a uniform structure. This variability is described using average molar masses and distribution-related parameters, which together provide a comprehensive understanding of polymer characteristics.The distribution of molar masses plays a critical role in...
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
06:55

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

Process time distribution of driven polymer transport.

Takuya Saito1, Takahiro Sakaue

  • 1Department of Physics, Kyushu University 33, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan saito@stat.phys.kyushu-u.ac.jp

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|September 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals distinct temporal dynamics in polymer translocation versus stretching. Driven polymer translocation shows significant time distribution spreading and asymmetry, unlike polymer stretching dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Physics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Flexible polymer chains exhibit complex dynamics when driven through confined geometries or stretched.
  • Stochastic tension propagation, arising from disordered initial configurations, governs these dynamics.
  • Understanding the temporal aspects of these processes is crucial for polymer science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze and compare the temporal distributions of driven polymer translocation through a pore and polymer stretching.
  • To investigate the impact of stochastic tension propagation on process times.
  • To provide scaling arguments for the mean and standard deviation of process times in both scenarios.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis using a two-phase picture for stochastic propagation.
  • Development of scaling arguments for mean and standard deviation of process times.
  • Comparison of temporal distributions for translocation and stretching dynamics.

Main Results:

  • The process time distributions for polymer translocation and stretching differ significantly.
  • Polymer translocation exhibits substantial spreading in its process time distribution, even for long chains.
  • Driven polymer translocation displays a characteristic asymmetric shape in its time distribution.

Conclusions:

  • Stochastic tension propagation leads to distinct temporal behaviors in polymer translocation and stretching.
  • The inherent randomness in polymer configurations results in broad and asymmetric time distributions for translocation.
  • These findings offer insights into the fundamental dynamics of driven polymers in different contexts.