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Related Concept Videos

Feedback control systems01:26

Feedback control systems

Feedback control systems are categorized in various ways based on their design, analysis, and signal types.
Linear feedback systems are theoretical models that simplify analysis and design. These systems operate under the principle that their output is directly proportional to their input within certain ranges. For instance, an amplifier in a control system behaves linearly as long as the input signal remains within a specific range. However, most physical systems exhibit inherent nonlinearity...
Classification of Systems-II01:31

Classification of Systems-II

Continuous-time systems have continuous input and output signals, with time measured continuously. These systems are generally defined by differential or algebraic equations. For instance, in an RC circuit, the relationship between input and output voltage is expressed through a differential equation derived from Ohm's law and the capacitor relation,
BIBO stability of continuous and discrete -time systems01:24

BIBO stability of continuous and discrete -time systems

System stability is a fundamental concept in signal processing, often assessed using convolution. For a system to be considered bounded-input bounded-output (BIBO) stable, any bounded input signal must produce a bounded output signal. A bounded input signal is one where the modulus does not exceed a certain constant at any point in time.
To determine the BIBO stability, the convolution integral is utilized when a bounded continuous-time input is applied to a Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system.
Transient and Steady-state Response01:24

Transient and Steady-state Response

In control systems, test signals are essential for evaluating performance under various conditions. The ramp function is effective for systems undergoing gradual changes, while the step function is suitable for assessing systems facing sudden disturbances. For systems subjected to shock inputs, the impulse function is the most appropriate test signal.
These test signals are integral in designing control systems to exhibit two key performance aspects: transient response and steady-state response.
Conservation of Mass in Finite Cotrol Volume01:16

Conservation of Mass in Finite Cotrol Volume

The principle of conservation of mass is a fundamental law in fluid mechanics and is applied using the continuity equation. We apply the concept to a finite control volume to derive the continuity equation.
A system is defined as a collection of unchanging contents, and the conservation of mass states that a system's mass is constant.
Effects of feedback01:24

Effects of feedback

Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

WheelCon: A Wheel Control-Based Gaming Platform for Studying Human Sensorimotor Control
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Published on: August 15, 2020

Nonequilibrium fluctuation theorem for systems under discrete and continuous feedback control.

Anupam Kundu1

  • 1PCT-UMR, CNRS, Gulliver 7083, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris, France.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|September 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We introduce measurement entropy production in time-reversed stochastic systems. This, along with system and medium entropy, forms total entropy production satisfying fluctuation theorems.

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Non-equilibrium Physics

Background:

  • Feedback-controlled stochastic systems are crucial in understanding non-equilibrium processes.
  • Entropy production is a key quantity in non-equilibrium thermodynamics.
  • Causality constraints are fundamental in physical measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate entropy production in the time-reversed process of feedback-controlled stochastic systems.
  • To analyze the role of measurement in entropy production.
  • To verify fluctuation theorems for the total entropy production.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of time-reversed stochastic processes.
  • Incorporation of measurement entropy into total entropy production.
  • Explicit calculations and direct simulations on model systems.

Main Results:

  • Measurement processes in time-reversed systems lead to entropy production.
  • Total entropy production includes system, medium, and measurement contributions.
  • The total entropy production satisfies integrated and detailed fluctuation theorems.

Conclusions:

  • The framework accounts for entropy production in feedback-controlled systems including measurements.
  • Fluctuation theorems are validated for the combined system.
  • The study provides a comprehensive understanding of entropy in complex stochastic systems.