Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Fermi Level Dynamics

Fermi Level Dynamics

The vacuum level denotes the energy threshold required for an electron to escape from a material surface. It is usually positioned above the conduction band of a semiconductor and acts as a benchmark for comparing electron energies within various materials.
Electron affinity in semiconductors refers to the energy gap between the minimum of its conduction band and the vacuum level and it is a critical parameter in determining how easily a semiconductor can accept additional electrons.
The work...

The Joule and Joule–Thomson Experiments

The Joule and Joule–Thomson Experiments

Consider an adiabatic system composed of two chambers, A and B, designed such that no heat flows into or out of the system. Initially, chamber A is filled with a gas at a fixed temperature T1, pressure p1, and volume V1, while chamber B is evacuated. The gas is then gradually forced through a rigid, porous barrier to chamber B, ultimately reaching temperature T2, pressure p2, and volume V2. A piston on the right side maintains a constant pressure (p2), which is lower than p1. The significant...

Fermi Level

Fermi Level

The Fermi-Dirac function is represented by an S-shaped curve indicating the probability of an energy state being occupied by an electron at a given temperature. The Fermi level is the energy level at which there is a fifty percent chance of finding an electron, and it is positioned between the lower-energy valence band and the higher-energy conduction band.
At absolute zero temperature, electrons fill all energy states up to the Fermi level, leaving upper states empty. As the temperature rises,...

Thermal Expansion

Thermal Expansion

The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a given system as its temperature changes. The most visible example is the expansion of hot air. When air is heated, it expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding air, which then exerts an upward force on the hot air to, for example, make steam and smoke rise, and hot air balloons float. The same behavior happens in all liquids and gases,...

Thomson's e/m Experiment

Thomson's e/m Experiment

In a beam of charged particles created by a heated cathode, the particles move at different speeds. However, many applications need a beam with uniform particle speeds. An arrangement known as a velocity selector uses electric and magnetic fields to pick particles with a particular speed from the beam.
A particle with charge q, speed v, and mass m enters an area from the top, where the magnetic and electric fields are perpendicular both to the particle's motion and to one another. The magnetic...

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions in Dielectrics

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions in Dielectrics

When an electric field passes from one homogeneous medium to another, crossing the boundary between the two mediums imparts a discontinuity in the electric field. This results in electrostatic boundary conditions that depend on the type of mediums the field propagates through.
Consider a case where both the mediums across a boundary are two different dielectric materials. Recall that the electric field and electric displacement are proportional and related through the material's permittivity.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Analyzing the effects of reflections on optical diagnostics in the main chamber and divertor of WEST (invited).

The Review of scientific instruments·2024

Same author

Platelet lysate for the treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies.

Musculoskeletal surgery·2024

Same author

[Benefit of therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants and immunomodulators in the management of autoimmune diseases].

La Revue de medecine interne·2022

Same author

Acute symptomatic seizures and epilepsy after mechanical thrombectomy. A prospective long-term follow-up study.

Seizure·2021

Same author

Coulomb logarithm accuracy in a Yukawa potential.

Physical review. E·2020

Same author

Multiscale simulation of plasma flows using active learning.

Physical review. E·2020

Same journal

Tension on dsDNA bound to ssDNA-RecA filaments may play an important role in driving efficient and accurate homology recognition and strand exchange.

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016

Same journal

Publisher's Note: Amplitude-phase coupling drives chimera states in globally coupled laser networks [Phys. Rev. E 91, 040901(R) (2015)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016

Same journal

Erratum: Shapes of sedimenting soft elastic capsules in a viscous fluid [Phys. Rev. E 92, 033003 (2015)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016

Same journal

Erratum: Attenuation of excitation decay rate due to collective effect [Phys. Rev. E 90, 022142 (2014)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016

Same journal

Publisher's Note: Role of connectivity and fluctuations in the nucleation of calcium waves in cardiac cells [Phys. Rev. E 92, 052715 (2015)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016

Same journal

Publisher's Note: Lattice Boltzmann approach for complex nonequilibrium flows [Phys. Rev. E 92, 043308 (2015)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

Thin-foil expansion into a vacuum with a two-temperature electron distribution function.

A Diaw¹, P Mora

¹Centre de Physique Théorique, École Polytechnique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91128 Palaiseau, France.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

|September 26, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study examines plasma foil expansion into a vacuum. Cold electrons can gain energy through compression, while hot electrons always lose energy, influencing the expansion dynamics.

More Related Videos

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

Area of Science:

Plasma physics
Kinetic theory
Computational physics

Background:

Understanding plasma expansion dynamics is crucial for various applications.
The behavior of electron populations with differing temperatures during expansion is complex.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the kinetic theory of plasma thin foil expansion.
To analyze the energy dynamics of hot and cold electron populations during vacuum expansion.

Main Methods:

Utilized a one-dimensional kinetic code for simulation.
Examined plasma expansion with initially hot and cold Maxwellian electron populations.

Main Results:

Hot electrons consistently lose energy to expanding ions.
Cold electrons' energy exchange depends on temperature/density ratios and time, potentially gaining energy via adiabatic compression.
A rarefaction shock can form when cold electrons are numerically dominant, affecting ion velocity spectra.

Conclusions:

The interplay between hot and cold electrons significantly impacts plasma expansion.
Adiabatic compression can temporarily heat cold electrons, while hot electrons continuously cool.
Expansion dynamics and rarefaction shock features are modulated by electron population characteristics.