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Related Concept Videos

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo
10:50

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

Published on: March 26, 2019

Primary and secondary central nervous system vasculitis.

Peter Gowdie1, Marinka Twilt, Susanne M Benseler

  • 1Department of Paediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Child Health Evaluative Science, Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Journal of Child Neurology
|September 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Childhood central nervous system vasculitis, an inflammatory brain condition, presents diverse symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improved outcomes in pediatric patients.

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Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo
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Reliable Isolation of Central Nervous System Microvessels Across Five Vertebrate Groups
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Reliable Isolation of Central Nervous System Microvessels Across Five Vertebrate Groups

Published on: January 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatrics
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Central nervous system vasculitis (CNSV) is an inflammatory brain disease affecting children, causing significant neurological and psychiatric issues.
  • Primary CNSV involves isolated cerebral vessel inflammation, while secondary CNSV is linked to underlying conditions.
  • The diagnosis and understanding of CNSV in children are evolving, with a broadening differential diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical, laboratory, and neuroimaging features of primary childhood CNSV subtypes.
  • To detail the causes of secondary CNSV in pediatric populations.
  • To provide an overview of differential diagnoses and current treatment strategies for CNSV in children.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on clinical presentations, diagnostic criteria, and treatment outcomes.
  • Analysis of neuroimaging findings and laboratory markers associated with CNSV.
  • Synthesis of information on primary and secondary CNSV in children.

Main Results:

  • Distinct subtypes of primary CNSV exhibit varied clinical, laboratory, and neuroimaging characteristics.
  • Secondary CNSV is associated with a range of identifiable underlying systemic or infectious conditions.
  • Improved patient outcomes are linked to prompt diagnosis and timely therapeutic interventions.

Conclusions:

  • Early identification and management of CNSV in children are vital for mitigating severe neurological deficits.
  • A comprehensive understanding of CNSV subtypes and their differential diagnoses is essential for effective pediatric neurological care.
  • Current treatment approaches aim to reduce inflammation and prevent further vascular damage in affected children.