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Related Concept Videos

Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI)01:08

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI)

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) is a powerful analytical technique used in mass spectrometry. It enables the identification and characterization of various biomolecules, including proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. MALDI is an ionization technique, widely employed in biological and medical research, as well as in fields like pharmacology and biochemistry.The analyte of interest, a biomolecule or a mixture of biomolecules, is mixed with a suitable matrix...
Acne Infection01:27

Acne Infection

Acne is a multifactorial skin condition primarily affecting adolescents and young adults, with a global prevalence estimated to exceed 75% in this demographic. The condition is characterized by the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules, pustules, nodules, and, in severe cases, cysts, particularly in areas rich in sebaceous glands such as the face, neck, chest, and back. The pathogenesis involves increased sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinization, colonization by...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Roller Microneedle Combined with Tranexamic Acid Solution in Treating Melasma
04:12

Roller Microneedle Combined with Tranexamic Acid Solution in Treating Melasma

Published on: January 19, 2024

Melasma.

I B Wu1, C Lambert, T M Lotti

  • 1New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.

Giornale Italiano Di Dermatologia E Venereologia : Organo Ufficiale, Societa Italiana Di Dermatologia E Sifilografia
|September 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Melasma, a common hyperpigmentation disorder affecting women with darker skin tones, presents symmetrically on sun-exposed areas. Its exact cause remains unknown, prompting diverse treatment approaches.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Melasma is a prevalent hyperpigmentation disorder.
  • It commonly affects women of reproductive age with brown or black skin.
  • Lesions are symmetrically distributed on sun-exposed facial and neck areas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of melasma pathogenesis.
  • To review implicated etiologic agents and pathophysiological mechanisms.
  • To discuss existing treatment modalities and future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on melasma.
  • Analysis of histological findings in melasma patients.
  • Identification of potential contributing factors and treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Ultraviolet radiation, hormonal changes, thyroid dysfunction, and certain drugs are implicated in melasma development.
  • Pathophysiology involves increased melanin production or melanocyte numbers.
  • Histological analysis confirms increased melanocytes and enhanced melanin production.

Conclusions:

  • The precise pathogenesis of melasma is not fully understood.
  • Current treatments include hypopigmenting agents, chemical peels, lasers, and dermabrasion.
  • Further research is needed for more specific and effective treatments.