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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Thyroid disorders in pregnancy.

Alex Stagnaro-Green1, Elizabeth Pearce

  • 1Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 I Street Northwest, Ross Hall-Suite 712, Washington, DC 20037, USA. alexsg@gwu.edu

Nature Reviews. Endocrinology
|September 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Pregnancy significantly impacts thyroid function, with hormonal changes and conditions like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism posing risks. Thyroid screening during pregnancy is crucial for maternal and fetal health outcomes.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Health

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone levels undergo significant physiological changes during pregnancy.
  • Thyroid dysfunction, including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, affects a notable percentage of pregnant women.
  • Thyroid autoantibodies and iodine deficiency are also critical factors during gestation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiological challenges to the thyroid gland during pregnancy.
  • To outline the associations between thyroid dysfunction and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
  • To discuss the implications of thyroid autoantibodies, postpartum thyroiditis, and iodine status.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of thyroid physiology and pathology in pregnancy.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data on thyroid disease prevalence and outcomes.
  • Discussion of ongoing research on iodine deficiency and screening protocols.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid hormone levels (T3, T4) and thyroxine-binding globulin increase significantly.
  • Hypothyroidism is linked to miscarriage, preterm delivery, and reduced child IQ.
  • Hyperthyroidism and thyroid autoantibodies increase risks of miscarriage, preterm delivery, and maternal complications.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid health is critical during pregnancy, with various conditions posing risks to both mother and child.
  • Postpartum thyroiditis is common, especially in those with thyroid autoantibodies.
  • The role of universal thyroid screening and iodine supplementation requires ongoing evaluation.