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Related Concept Videos

Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Detection of Architectural Distortion in Prior Mammograms via Analysis of Oriented Patterns
13:44

Detection of Architectural Distortion in Prior Mammograms via Analysis of Oriented Patterns

Published on: August 30, 2013

Quantification and normalization of x-ray mammograms.

Christopher E Tromans1, Mary R Cocker, Sir Michael Brady

  • 1Wolfson Medical Vision Laboratory, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK. cet@robots.ox.ac.uk

Physics in Medicine and Biology
|September 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a new method to quantify breast tissue radiodensity using standard attenuation rate (SAR) from mammograms. This quantitative measure improves cancer risk assessment and enables better image comparison for computer-aided diagnosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Radiology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Mammogram analysis is currently qualitative, relying on subjective clinical judgment.
  • Objective measures of breast density are needed for accurate cancer risk assessment and improved diagnostic tools.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel quantitative method for measuring breast tissue radiodensity.
  • To develop a normalized measure, standard attenuation rate (SAR), independent of imaging conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Calculated incident X-ray spectrum and energy exiting the breast.
  • Quantified and subtracted scattered radiation.
  • Defined SAR as a scaling factor matching primary attenuation of breast tissue to a reference material.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the ability of SAR to provide a quantitative, normalized measure of radiodensity.
  • Validated the method using tissue-equivalent phantoms.
  • Performed sensitivity analysis for detector response and thickness measurement errors.

Conclusions:

  • The standard attenuation rate (SAR) offers a quantitative, normalized measure of breast radiodensity.
  • SAR facilitates improved breast cancer risk assessment, image comparability, and advanced diagnostic applications like digital breast tomosynthesis.
  • This method removes imaging condition variability, enhancing diagnostic accuracy.