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Related Concept Videos

X-linked Traits01:19

X-linked Traits

In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
X-linked Traits01:19

X-linked Traits

In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
Sex-linked Disorders01:43

Sex-linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
X-Inactivation01:58

X-Inactivation

The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size. Today,...
Pedigree Analysis01:35

Pedigree Analysis

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Assessment of Kidney Function in Mouse Models of Glomerular Disease
09:16

Assessment of Kidney Function in Mouse Models of Glomerular Disease

Published on: June 30, 2018

A major X-linked locus affects kidney function in mice.

Magalie S Leduc1, Holly S Savage, Timothy M Stearns

  • 1Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX, USA. magalieleduc@gmail.com

Molecular Genetics and Genomics : MGG
|September 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers identified the genetic basis of chronic kidney disease by studying diabetic mice. The X chromosome plays a significant role in determining albuminuria, a key indicator of kidney damage.

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Nephrology
  • Metabolic Syndrome

Background:

  • Chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevalence is rising, with diabetic nephropathy being a major cause of kidney failure.
  • The KK/HlJ mouse strain models metabolic syndrome, exhibiting hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance, making it suitable for studying diabetic nephropathy.
  • Albuminuria, a marker of kidney damage, varies between mouse strains, offering a basis for genetic analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the genetic factors contributing to chronic kidney failure, specifically albuminuria, using a quantitative trait locus (QTL) cross.
  • To pinpoint specific genes on the X chromosome that influence albuminuria.

Main Methods:

  • A QTL cross was performed between albuminuria-sensitive KK/HlJ and albuminuria-resistant C57BL/6J mice.
  • Albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) was measured in 130 F2 male offspring.
  • Genotype, expression, and bioinformatic analyses were used to narrow down candidate genes within the identified QTL regions, particularly on the X chromosome.

Main Results:

  • One significant QTL associated with albuminuria was identified on chromosome X.
  • Four suggestive QTLs were detected on chromosomes 6, 7, 12, and 13.
  • Bioinformatic analysis of the X-linked QTL region identified candidate genes involved in urine homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • The X chromosome harbors significant genetic determinants for albuminuria.
  • This study highlights the importance of X-linked genes in the development of chronic kidney disease, particularly in the context of diabetes.