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Related Concept Videos

Fermi Level Dynamics01:12

Fermi Level Dynamics

The vacuum level denotes the energy threshold required for an electron to escape from a material surface. It is usually positioned above the conduction band of a semiconductor and acts as a benchmark for comparing electron energies within various materials.
Electron affinity in semiconductors refers to the energy gap between the minimum of its conduction band and the vacuum level and it is a critical parameter in determining how easily a semiconductor can accept additional electrons.
The work...
Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:24

Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

The contact of metal and semiconductor can lead to the formation of a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior.
Schottky Barriers
Schottky barriers arise when a metal with a work function (Φm) contacts a semiconductor with a different work function (Φs). Initially, electrons transfer until the Fermi levels of the metal and semiconductor align at equilibrium. For instance, if Φm > Φs, the semiconductor Fermi level is higher than the metal's before contact. The semiconductor's...
Fermi Level01:18

Fermi Level

The Fermi-Dirac function is represented by an S-shaped curve indicating the probability of an energy state being occupied by an electron at a given temperature. The Fermi level is the energy level at which there is a fifty percent chance of finding an electron, and it is positioned between the lower-energy valence band and the higher-energy conduction band.
At absolute zero temperature, electrons fill all energy states up to the Fermi level, leaving upper states empty. As the temperature rises,...
Periodic Classification of the Elements04:00

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
Energy Bands in Solids01:01

Energy Bands in Solids

Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
When atoms are brought close together, as in a solid, these discrete energy levels begin to split due to the overlap of electron orbitals from adjacent atoms. This split occurs because of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides
09:41

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Published on: May 29, 2018

Emergent states in heavy-electron materials.

Yi-feng Yang1, David Pines

  • 1Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. yifeng@iphy.ac.cn

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|September 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new model for heavy-electron materials, explaining low-temperature ordered states like antiferromagnetism and superconductivity. This framework provides a phase diagram and quantitative descriptions for emergent behaviors in Kondo lattice systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Kondo lattice materials exhibit complex low-temperature ordered states.
  • Understanding the interplay between local moments and heavy-electron behavior is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend phenomenological theory for heavy-electron behavior.
  • To incorporate hybridization effectiveness into theoretical models.
  • To establish conditions for emergent low-temperature ordered states.

Main Methods:

  • Extended the two-fluid phenomenological theory.
  • Incorporated the concept of hybridization effectiveness.
  • Developed a new pressure/temperature phase diagram.

Main Results:

  • Presented a consistent physical explanation for emergent behaviors.
  • Quantitatively described pressure variation of antiferromagnetic ordering (T(N)) and ordered moment magnitude.
  • Mapped superconductivity growth, quantum criticality, and a delocalization line.

Conclusions:

  • The expanded framework successfully explains and describes emergent phenomena in heavy-electron materials.
  • The model shows good agreement with experimental data for materials like CeRhIn(5).
  • Provides a unified understanding of diverse low-temperature ordered states.