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Related Concept Videos

Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
Glycolysis: Pay-off Phase01:25

Glycolysis: Pay-off Phase

So far, glycolysis has cost the cell two ATP molecules and produced two small, three-carbon sugar molecules. These molecules will proceed through the second half of the pathway, and sufficient energy will be extracted to pay back the two ATP molecules used as an initial investment and produce a profit for the cell of two additional ATP molecules and two even higher-energy NADH molecules.
Step 1 - 5: Glycolysis Preparatory Phase
The first phase of glycolysis has 5 steps where the glucose is...
Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase01:21

Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase

In cellular metabolism (the complete breakdown of glucose to extract energy),  glycolysis is the first step. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport, where the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These...
Outcomes of Glycolysis01:13

Outcomes of Glycolysis

Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler molecules, such as glucose. As a result, cells extract energy from glucose over many chemical reactions—a process called cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration can occur aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen). In the presence of oxygen, cellular respiration starts with glycolysis and continues with pyruvate oxidation, the...
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

Other Glycolytic Pathways

The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...

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Updated: May 18, 2026

In Vitro Assay to Measure Phosphatidylethanolamine Methyltransferase Activity
09:33

In Vitro Assay to Measure Phosphatidylethanolamine Methyltransferase Activity

Published on: January 5, 2016

[Research progress in phosphoglycerate mutase].

Fen Wang1, Run-Hua Li, Guo-Rong Yin

  • 1Department of Parasitology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.

Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi = Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control
|September 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM) is a key glycolytic enzyme involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism. This review covers the physico-chemical properties and research progress of PGAM across various organisms.

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08:59

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates

Published on: November 23, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Enzymology

Background:

  • Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM) is a crucial enzyme in glycolysis.
  • It plays a role in carbohydrate transport, metabolism, catalytic activity, and growth development.
  • Initially discovered in yeast, PGAM has since been identified in diverse organisms, including humans, Escherichia coli, Schistosoma japonicum, and Toxoplasma gondii.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physico-chemical properties of Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM).
  • To summarize the research progress on PGAM from various life forms.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of PGAM's role in different organisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM).
  • Analysis of published data on PGAM's amino acid sequences and crystal structures.
  • Comparative study of PGAM across different taxa (vertebrate, invertebrate, protozoa).

Main Results:

  • PGAM's fundamental role in glycolysis and cellular metabolism is conserved across species.
  • Determined amino acid sequences and crystal structures reveal evolutionary relationships and functional insights.
  • PGAM exhibits variations in structure and function depending on the organism, reflecting diverse biological contexts.

Conclusions:

  • Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM) is a vital enzyme with conserved yet adaptable functions in glycolysis.
  • Understanding PGAM's physico-chemical properties and evolutionary trajectory is crucial for comprehending metabolic pathways.
  • Further research into PGAM across diverse organisms will illuminate its broader biological significance.