Blood urea level and diabetes duration are independently associated with ankle-brachial index in type 2 diabetic

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice
10:31

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

Published on: May 2, 2025

Marijan Bosevski1, Sabita S Soedamah-Muthu

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, University Stt. Cyril and Methodius Skopje, Macedonia. marijanbosevski@yahoo.com

Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome
|September 28, 2012
PubMed

Insights

This study found that longer diabetes duration and higher blood urea levels are linked to abnormal ankle-brachial index (ABI) in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. These factors may help identify individuals at higher risk for peripheral arterial disease.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease are significant risk factors for peripheral arterial disease (PAD).
  • Ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a key indicator of PAD, reflecting lower extremity arterial circulation.
  • Assessing factors influencing ABI is crucial for managing cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify factors associated with ankle-brachial index (ABI) in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease.
  • To investigate the relationship between metabolic parameters and ABI in this high-risk population.
  • To inform clinical practice regarding PAD screening in diabetic patients with coexisting heart disease.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study involving 370 patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease.
  • Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to determine factors of ABI.
  • Evaluated parameters included blood pressure, BMI, waist circumference, glucose, urea, creatinine, lipids, and diabetes duration.

Main Results:

  • Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) was prevalent, detected in 82.35% of participants.
  • Mean ABI was 0.97 ± 0.33, with a minimal value of 0.95 ± 0.38.
  • ABI was independently associated with longer diabetes duration and higher blood urea levels.

Conclusions:

  • Longer diabetes duration and elevated blood urea levels are significant predictors of pathological ABI.
  • These findings highlight the importance of monitoring ABI in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease, particularly those with prolonged diabetes and impaired kidney function.
  • Early identification of PAD through ABI assessment can guide targeted interventions and improve patient outcomes.
Abstract

More Related Videos

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes07:22

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes

Published on: March 7, 2025

Effects of Mindfulness Training Combined with Tai Chi in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy05:06

Effects of Mindfulness Training Combined with Tai Chi in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...
Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory neuropathy reduces pain perception,...