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Related Concept Videos

Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...
Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
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Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy01:18

Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy

Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
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Positron Emission Tomography01:29

Positron Emission Tomography

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique involving radiopharmaceuticals — substances that emit short-lived radiation. Although the first PET scanner was introduced in 1961, it took 15 more years before radiopharmaceuticals were combined with the technique and revolutionized its potential.
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Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...

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Integrated Photoacoustic Ophthalmoscopy and Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography
11:21

Integrated Photoacoustic Ophthalmoscopy and Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography

Published on: January 15, 2013

Speckle in optical coherence tomography.

J M Schmitt, S H Xiang, K M Yung

    Journal of Biomedical Optics
    |September 28, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Speckle in optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging arises from limited bandwidth, acting as both noise and information. This study reviews speckle properties and evaluates four reduction methods for clearer biological tissue imaging.

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    Assessing Intracardiac Vortices with High Frame-Rate Echocardiography-Derived Blood Speckle Imaging in Newborns
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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Optics
    • Medical Imaging
    • Ophthalmic Imaging

    Background:

    • Speckle is an inherent artifact in optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, stemming from the limited spatial-frequency bandwidth of acquired interference signals.
    • In biological tissues, speckle exhibits a dual nature, contributing to image noise while also encoding valuable information about tissue microstructure.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide a comprehensive overview of speckle phenomena in OCT, including its origins, statistical characteristics, and classification.
    • To define and differentiate between signal-carrying and signal-degrading speckle based on sample beam disturbances.
    • To analyze the efficacy of various speckle reduction techniques for improving OCT image quality.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of speckle origin, statistical properties, and classification in OCT.
    • Definition of signal-carrying and signal-degrading speckle based on phase and amplitude disturbances.
    • Analysis of four speckle reduction methods: polarization diversity, spatial compounding, frequency compounding, and digital signal processing.

    Main Results:

    • Speckle's formation is intrinsically linked to the limited bandwidth of OCT signals.
    • Speckle can be categorized based on its impact on image quality, either as noise or as a source of microstructural information.
    • Four distinct methods show potential for speckle reduction, with varying degrees of effectiveness.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding speckle's dual role is crucial for optimizing OCT imaging of biological tissues.
    • Speckle reduction techniques, including polarization diversity, spatial compounding, frequency compounding, and digital signal processing, offer pathways to enhance image clarity.
    • Further research is needed to address remaining challenges in speckle mitigation for advanced OCT applications.