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Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
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Myths concerning alpine skiing injuries.

Robert J Johnson1, Carl F Ettlinger, Jasper E Shealy

  • 1University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.

Sports Health
|September 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Many common ski safety myths are untrue, including those about binding settings, equipment costs, and injury prevention. Verifying ski safety information is crucial for skiers, physicians, and the industry to prevent harm from misinformation.

Keywords:
injury preventioninjury trendsski bindingsskiing injuriesunproven opinions

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Orthopedics
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Numerous ski safety myths persist, perpetuated by various stakeholders in the skiing community.
  • These misconceptions can influence safety practices and equipment choices, potentially leading to increased injury risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate and debunk 12 prevalent myths regarding ski safety.
  • To provide evidence-based information to correct misinformation and promote safer skiing practices.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was conducted on 12 specific ski safety topics.
  • Analysis focused on identifying and refuting commonly held, yet unsupported, beliefs.

Main Results:

  • The study refutes claims that broken legs are traded for knee injuries, that skiers can adjust their own bindings (DIN settings), or that toe and heel piece settings must match.
  • Myths regarding the safety benefits of formal instruction, the necessity of release bindings for short skis, and the value of expensive children's equipment were disproven.
  • The effectiveness of relaxing when falling, exercise for injury prevention, lower release settings for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) protection, and the inherent safety of new versus rented equipment were also debunked. Skiing's overall danger level was also re-evaluated.

Conclusions:

  • Many widely accepted ski safety beliefs are not supported by evidence and are demonstrably false.
  • Correcting these myths is essential for skiers, medical professionals, and the industry to ensure accurate safety recommendations and reduce potential harm.