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Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...

Fractures: Bone Repair

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...

Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Development of an Uncomplicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Model Modified by Weight-Drop Method and Evidenced by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Development of an Uncomplicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Model Modified by Weight-Drop Method and Evidenced by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: April 11, 2025

Traumatic Bone Bruises in the Athlete's Knee.

Joseph P Deangelis¹, Kurt P Spindler

¹Harvard Medical School, Beth Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.

|September 28, 2012

Summary

Bone bruises, visible on MRI, are unique bone injuries resulting from trauma. They are commonly associated with anterior cruciate ligament tears and patella dislocations, offering insights into injury patterns.

Keywords:

anterior cruciate ligament bone bruises bone marrow edema magnetic resonance imaging occult fracture patella dislocation

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Development of an Uncomplicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Model Modified by Weight-Drop Method and Evidenced by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Development of an Uncomplicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Model Modified by Weight-Drop Method and Evidenced by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: April 11, 2025

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Published on: April 11, 2018

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: January 20, 2023

Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Radiology
Sports Medicine

Background:

Bone marrow edema, a physiological phenomenon, is detectable via magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.
MR signal changes in bone marrow can indicate blood pooling, hyperemia, edema, or microfracture.
Bone bruises are specific MR findings linked to acute traumatic events, representing a distinct injury manifestation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the literature on bone bruises, focusing on their association with specific knee injuries.
To describe the unique MR imaging patterns of bone bruises in various traumatic conditions.

Main Methods:

A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed.
Keywords included "knee" and "bone bruise".
The search covered publications from 1982 to December 2009.

Main Results:

Bone bruises are consistently associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears, patella dislocations, occult fractures, and contusions.
Distinct MR imaging patterns characterize bone bruises for each specific injury type.
A subchondral lesion with low T1 and high T2 signal intensity on MR imaging defines a bone bruise.

Conclusions:

Bone marrow edema on MR imaging can stem from traumatic or atraumatic causes.
Bone bruises are classifiable by their presentation patterns, injury mechanisms, and associated injuries.
Bone bruises frequently accompany ACL ruptures (both contact and noncontact) and patella dislocations; their significance in occult fractures requires further investigation.