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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

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Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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During the postoperative period, it is crucial to focus on maintaining circulation, identifying and managing potential complications, and planning for discharge.Nursing AssessmentVital signs monitoring: Regularly monitor vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature, to detect early signs of complications such as bleeding and infection.Circulation assessment: Monitor pulses, perform Doppler assessments, and check capillary refill, color, temperature, and...
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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury
09:42

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury

Published on: March 27, 2026

Limb length differences after obstetrical brachial plexus injury: a growing concern.

James R Bain1, Carol DeMatteo, Deborah Gjertsen

  • 1Hamilton, Ontario, Canada From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, the School of Rehabilitation Science, and the CanChild Centre for Childhood Disability Research, McMaster University, and McMaster Children's Hospital.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|September 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Obstetrical brachial plexus injury causes significant arm and forearm length differences in children. Early limb length deficits predict the need for surgical reconstruction.

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Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
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Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets

Published on: December 19, 2019

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury
09:42

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury

Published on: March 27, 2026

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
06:51

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets

Published on: December 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Neurology
  • Developmental Pediatrics

Background:

  • Obstetrical brachial plexus injury (OBPI) can lead to limb size discrepancies, a poorly understood complication.
  • This study investigates limb length differences in children with OBPI compared to typically developing peers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify limb length differences in children with OBPI.
  • To explore the influence of age, growth, injury severity, and surgery on these differences.
  • To assess the reliability of clinical limb length measurement techniques.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective cohort of 179 children with OBPI underwent systematic limb length and girth measurements.
  • Measurements were taken at regular intervals up to 12 months, then annually.
  • A control group of typically developing children had single limb measurements.

Main Results:

  • Clinical limb length measurement techniques showed high interrater reliability (ICC=0.90).
  • Significant arm, forearm, and total limb length differences were observed as early as 1 month post-injury.
  • Early limb length deficits at 3 months predicted 12-month differences.

Conclusions:

  • OBPI significantly impacts arm and forearm length.
  • Early detection of limb length deficits can indicate potential need for surgical intervention.
  • Clinical limb length measurement is a reliable and noninvasive assessment tool.