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Related Concept Videos

Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
Bone Markings01:26

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...
Gross Anatomy of Bone01:17

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in adults, it...
Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts— that give the...
Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification
07:23

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

Published on: December 3, 2016

Periosteum, bone's "smart" bounding membrane, exhibits direction-dependent permeability.

Sarah F Evans1, Jonathan B Parent, Colin E Lasko

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7207, USA.

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
|September 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The periosteum

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Distinctive Capillary Action by Micro-channels in Bone-like Templates can Enhance Recruitment of Cells for Restoration of Large Bony Defect
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Distinctive Capillary Action by Micro-channels in Bone-like Templates can Enhance Recruitment of Cells for Restoration of Large Bony Defect

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Half-segmental Diaphyseal Bone Defect Model in Rats for Evaluating Bone Substitute Performance in Load-bearing Regions
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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification
07:23

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

Published on: December 3, 2016

Distinctive Capillary Action by Micro-channels in Bone-like Templates can Enhance Recruitment of Cells for Restoration of Large Bony Defect
09:35

Distinctive Capillary Action by Micro-channels in Bone-like Templates can Enhance Recruitment of Cells for Restoration of Large Bony Defect

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Half-segmental Diaphyseal Bone Defect Model in Rats for Evaluating Bone Substitute Performance in Load-bearing Regions
04:32

Half-segmental Diaphyseal Bone Defect Model in Rats for Evaluating Bone Substitute Performance in Load-bearing Regions

Published on: December 30, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Bone Biology
  • Mechanobiology

Background:

  • The periosteum is a membrane surrounding bone, crucial for bone generation and repair.
  • Its barrier and transport properties are not well understood, limiting knowledge of periosteal mechanobiology.
  • Understanding periosteal permeability is key to bone health and healing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hydraulic permeability and transport properties of ovine periosteum.
  • To determine if periosteal permeability is influenced by mechanical stress and flow rate.
  • To explore the anisotropic nature of periosteal permeability.

Main Methods:

  • Hydraulic permeability coefficient (k) was calculated using Darcy's Law in ovine femur and tibia samples.
  • A custom permeability tester applied controlled fluid flow (phosphate-buffered saline) through periosteum.
  • Permeability was measured at baseline and high flow rates, with and without intrinsic tension.

Main Results:

  • Ovine periosteum exhibits mechanically responsive and anisotropic permeability.
  • High flow rates, mimicking traumatic injury, increased permeability significantly (an order of magnitude).
  • Permeability was direction-dependent (higher bone-to-muscle) and increased upon relaxation of intrinsic tension.

Conclusions:

  • Periosteal structure and mechanical stress state significantly influence its barrier function.
  • Under homeostatic conditions, periosteum acts as a low-permeability barrier; under injury, it allows increased molecular transport.
  • Periosteal permeability is a mechanically responsive property vital for bone health, healing, and its function as a biomaterial.