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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Measurements of Waves in a Wind-wave Tank Under Steady and Time-varying Wind Forcing

Measurements of Waves in a Wind-wave Tank Under Steady and Time-varying Wind Forcing

Published on: February 13, 2018

Saturation wind power potential and its implications for wind energy.

Mark Z Jacobson¹, Cristina L Archer

¹Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020, USA. jacobson@stanford.edu

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|September 29, 2012

Summary

Large-scale wind energy extraction has a saturation potential, but global wind power capacity exceeds future energy demands. This indicates no fundamental barrier to achieving significant clean energy from wind by 2030.

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Data Acquisition Protocol for Determining Embedded Sensitivity Functions

Data Acquisition Protocol for Determining Embedded Sensitivity Functions

Published on: April 20, 2016

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Measurements of Waves in a Wind-wave Tank Under Steady and Time-varying Wind Forcing

Measurements of Waves in a Wind-wave Tank Under Steady and Time-varying Wind Forcing

Published on: February 13, 2018

Data Acquisition Protocol for Determining Embedded Sensitivity Functions

Data Acquisition Protocol for Determining Embedded Sensitivity Functions

Published on: April 20, 2016

Area of Science:

Atmospheric science
Renewable energy systems

Background:

Wind turbines harness kinetic energy, returning heat to the atmosphere.
Increased turbine deployment affects atmospheric energy regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify the theoretical power extraction limits of wind turbines.
To assess the global potential of wind energy for future economies.

Main Methods:

Analysis of power extraction dynamics with increasing turbine numbers.
Calculation of saturation potentials at various altitudes and regions.

Main Results:

Power extraction shows linear increase then converges to a previously unidentified saturation potential.
Global saturation potentials exceed 250 terawatts (TW) at 100 m, with significant land/coastal potential (~80 TW) and jet stream potential (~380 TW at 10 km).

Conclusions:

There is no fundamental physical barrier to harnessing substantial wind energy.
Wind power capacity can meet and exceed global energy needs, supporting a 2030 clean-energy economy.