Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Bias

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...

Expected Value

Expected Value

The expected value is known as the "long-term" average or mean. This means that over the long term of experimenting over and over, you would expect this average. The expected average is represented by the symbol μ. It is calculated as follows:In the equation, x is an event, and P(x) is the probability of the event occurring.The expected value has practical applications in decision theory.This text is adapted from Openstax, Introductory Statistics, Section 4.2 Mean or Expected Value and...

Random Variables

Random Variables

A random variable is a single numerical value that indicates the outcome of a procedure. The concept of random variables is fundamental to the probability theory and was introduced by a Russian mathematician, Pafnuty Chebyshev, in the mid-nineteenth century.
Uppercase letters such as X or Y denote a random variable. Lowercase letters like x or y denote the value of a random variable. If X is a random variable, then X is written in words, and x is given as a number.
For example, let X = the...

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?

Determination of Expected Frequency

Determination of Expected Frequency

Suppose one wants to test independence between the two variables of a contingency table. The values in the table constitute the observed frequencies of the dataset. But how does one determine the expected frequency of the dataset? One of the important assumptions is that the two variables are independent, which means the variables do not influence each other. For independent variables, the statistical probability of any event involving both variables is calculated by multiplying the individual...

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Resilience in collective behaviors of "next generation reservoir computer" oscillators via transmitting signal distortion.

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)·2026

Same author

Nonlinear dynamics of reservoir computing: Theory, realization, and application.

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)·2026

Same author

Chaos, computation and the century of complexity.

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)·2026

Same author

Mapping Aboriginal Mental Health Journeys Through Psychiatric Care Systems.

JAMA network open·2026

Same author

Full-Order Reconstruction of Simplicial Complex Network from Binary Time Series.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

Bridging mathematical modeling and AI for 3D coordinate recognition of moving objects without external reference and attitude measurement.

Communications engineering·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Measuring the Subjective Value of Risky and Ambiguous Options using Experimental Economics and Functional MRI Methods

Measuring the Subjective Value of Risky and Ambiguous Options using Experimental Economics and Functional MRI Methods

Published on: September 19, 2012

Predicting the outcome of roulette.

Michael Small¹, Chi Kong Tse

¹School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. michael.small@uwa.edu.au

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)

|October 2, 2012

Summary

Exploiting the deterministic nature of roulette is possible. Simple physics models and measurement systems can predict outcomes, yielding significant profit potential beyond random chance.

Area of Science:

Physics
Applied Mathematics
Game Theory

Background:

The deterministic nature of roulette has long been recognized, attracting interest from chaos theory.
Previous attempts to exploit roulette physics for profit have been reported.
Understanding the physics of roulette is key to predicting outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the extent to which roulette's deterministic nature can be exploited for profit.
To model the motion of a roulette wheel and ball to predict outcomes.
To develop physically realizable systems for in-situ measurement of key parameters.

Main Methods:

Developed a simple physical model for roulette wheel and ball dynamics.
Designed two systems to measure initial position, velocity, and acceleration.

More Related Videos

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

WheelCon: A Wheel Control-Based Gaming Platform for Studying Human Sensorimotor Control

WheelCon: A Wheel Control-Based Gaming Platform for Studying Human Sensorimotor Control

Published on: August 15, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Measuring the Subjective Value of Risky and Ambiguous Options using Experimental Economics and Functional MRI Methods

Measuring the Subjective Value of Risky and Ambiguous Options using Experimental Economics and Functional MRI Methods

Published on: September 19, 2012

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

WheelCon: A Wheel Control-Based Gaming Platform for Studying Human Sensorimotor Control

WheelCon: A Wheel Control-Based Gaming Platform for Studying Human Sensorimotor Control

Published on: August 15, 2020

Applied measurement techniques to a European roulette wheel.

Analyzed data for systematic biases and exploitable patterns.

Main Results:

Knowledge of initial conditions allows prediction with sufficient certainty for positive expected return.
A mechanical rotation-counting system demonstrated an expected return of at least 18%.
A camera-based system revealed statistically significant biases, improving outcome prediction.
Even slight table inclines create exploitable biases.

Conclusions:

The deterministic nature of roulette can be reliably exploited for profit.
Physically realizable systems can achieve significant positive expected returns.
Roulette physics presents exploitable biases, particularly with table imperfections.