Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 18, 2026
10:23
Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans
Published on: September 8, 2023
Visual pathway-related horizontal reference plane for three-dimensional craniofacial analysis
1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research
|October 2, 2012
Summary
The orbital axis plane (OAP) is a reliable 3D horizontal reference for analyzing craniofacial dysmorphology. This visual pathway-based plane accurately reflects head position and aids in understanding maxillofacial structural patterns.
Area of Science:
- Craniofacial surgery
- Anthropology
- Medical imaging
Background:
- Three-dimensional (3D) craniofacial analysis requires stable horizontal reference planes.
- Existing methods may not fully capture complex maxillofacial structures.
Purpose of the Study:
- To construct and evaluate novel 3D horizontal reference planes based on the visual pathway.
- To determine the reliability of these planes in analyzing craniofacial dysmorphology.
Main Methods:
- Construction of visual pathway-based planes: orbital axis plane (OAP), visual axis plane (VAP), and optical axis plane (OpAP).
- Analysis of 3D computed tomographic images from 36 subjects with maxillofacial dysmorphology and 8 normal controls.
- Evaluation of plane stability and reliability in relation to craniofacial structures.
Main Results:
- The orbital axis plane (OAP) demonstrated an ideal relationship with the midsagittal and posterior maxillary planes.
- OAP effectively described patterns of maxillofacial dysmorphology, correlating with Delaire's analysis and the occlusal plane.
- The visual axis plane (VAP) and optical axis plane (OpAP) did not show the same utility.
Conclusions:
- The proposed visual pathway-related horizontal reference planes, especially OAP, accurately represent the visual axis and natural head position.
- OAP serves as a valuable horizontal reference for 3D analysis in craniofacial dysmorphology and anthropology.
More Related Videos
05:49Reliability of Artificial Intelligence-Based Cone Beam Computed Tomography Integration with Digital Dental Images
Published on: February 23, 2024
08:03Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
Published on: November 4, 2025
Related Concept Videos
01:27Cranial Bones: Lateral View
The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
01:06Body Planes
Body planes in anatomy are imaginary flat surfaces used as reference points to divide the body into sections for anatomical study. These planes are essential for understanding the orientation, relationships, and spatial organization of anatomical structures.
The sagittal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body resulting in equal division, it is called the midsagittal or median...
The sagittal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body resulting in equal division, it is called the midsagittal or median...
01:14Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View
The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
01:21Association Areas of the Cortex
Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
01:24Vision
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
01:19Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy
The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...