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Related Concept Videos

Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment01:30

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:
Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...

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Updated: May 18, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Update for pathologists on idiopathic interstitial pneumonias.

Brandon T Larsen1, Thomas V Colby

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
|October 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) classification is evolving. High-resolution CT scans can now aid in diagnosing idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and multidisciplinary discussions are crucial for accurate IIP diagnoses.

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Pathology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) encompass diffuse pulmonary diseases with distinct histopathologic patterns.
  • Previous consensus classifications in 2002 and 2011 guided the diagnosis and management of IIPs, particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
  • Ongoing refinements and forthcoming updates are anticipated for the IIP classification system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current international consensus guidelines for diagnosing idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other IIPs.
  • To discuss recent diagnostic updates and anticipated changes in the classification of IIPs.
  • To highlight the relevance of these changes for pathologists.

Main Methods:

  • Review of published peer-reviewed literature.
  • Incorporation of authors' personal experience.

Main Results:

  • Multidisciplinary discussion involving clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists is now recommended for diagnosing IIPs.
  • High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is an acceptable alternative to surgical lung biopsy for diagnosing idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
  • Pathologists may be required to provide confidence levels for usual interstitial pneumonia diagnoses in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis clinical trials.
  • Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is recognized as a distinct clinical entity.

Conclusions:

  • The evolving classification of IIPs emphasizes collaborative diagnosis and updated imaging criteria.
  • Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis diagnosis may not necessitate surgical lung biopsy, with HRCT serving as a viable surrogate.
  • Future classifications will categorize rare IIPs, such as lymphoid interstitial pneumonia and idiopathic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis, separately.