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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
11:38

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 26, 2018

Molecular roadblocks for cellular reprogramming.

Thomas Vierbuchen1, Marius Wernig

  • 1Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, and Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Molecular Cell
|October 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lineage reprogramming converts somatic cells into different cell types using specific factors. Improving reprogramming efficiency is key for regenerative medicine and understanding cell fate.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Cellular Reprogramming

Background:

  • Cellular identities are established during embryonic development.
  • Lineage reprogramming stably converts somatic cells into distinct cell types.
  • This process involves the forced expression of lineage-determining factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in lineage reprogramming methods.
  • To highlight the need for improved reprogramming efficiency and fidelity.
  • To explore the potential of reprogramming for regenerative medicine and disease research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on lineage reprogramming.
  • Discussion of transcription factor roles in cellular identity.
  • Analysis of mechanisms underlying cell fate determination.

Main Results:

  • Lineage reprogramming enables direct conversion of patient cells into disease-relevant types or induced pluripotent stem cells.
  • Current reprogramming methods show remarkable progress but require efficiency improvements.
  • Understanding reprogramming barriers is crucial for method enhancement.

Conclusions:

  • Lineage reprogramming holds significant potential for regenerative medicine and studying human diseases.
  • Further research into reprogramming mechanisms can optimize its utility.
  • Reprogramming serves as a model system for dissecting cell fate establishment and differentiation.