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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Precision Measurements and Parametric Models of Vertebral Endplates

Precision Measurements and Parametric Models of Vertebral Endplates

Published on: September 17, 2019

Bone age estimation by cervical vertebral dimensions in lateral cephalometry.

Masoud Varshosaz¹, Sara Ehsani, Mahtab Nouri

¹Dentomaxillofacial Radiologist, Dentomaxillofacial Radiology Department, Dental school, Shaheed Beheshti University, M.C. Evin, Tehran, Iran.

Progress in Orthodontics

|October 2, 2012

Summary

Estimating bone age using cervical vertebrae dimensions, specifically the anterior height of the fourth cervical vertebra (AH4), offers a reliable alternative to hand-wrist radiography. This method reduces patient radiation exposure while maintaining accuracy in skeletal age assessment.

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Area of Science:

Orthodontics
Radiology
Anthropometry

Background:

Bone age estimation is crucial in orthodontics.
Hand-wrist radiography is the gold standard but involves radiation.
Cervical vertebrae evaluation is a promising alternative to reduce radiation exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the feasibility of estimating bone age using dimensions of the 3rd and 4th cervical vertebrae (C3, C4).
To determine the correlation between cervical vertebrae dimensions and skeletal age.
To explore a radiation-reducing alternative for bone age assessment.

Main Methods:

A correlational study was conducted on 91 individuals aged 8-18 years.
Lateral cephalometry and hand-wrist radiographs were taken.
C3 and C4 dimensions were measured, with hand-wrist bone age serving as the reference standard.

Main Results:

The anterior height of the fourth cervical vertebra (AH4) showed the strongest correlation with hand-wrist bone age (r=0.831).
A stepwise multiple linear regression model identified AH4 as the sole significant predictor.
The derived regression formula was: Bone age = 0.989 × AH4 + 3.308 (Adjusted R² = 0.686).

Conclusions:

Lateral cephalometric radiographs can be effectively used for bone age estimation.
Cervical vertebrae measurements offer a viable alternative to hand-wrist radiography.
This approach significantly reduces radiation exposure for patients.