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Related Concept Videos

Development of Blood Vessels01:07

Development of Blood Vessels

The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...
Mechanism of Angiogenesis01:10

Mechanism of Angiogenesis

Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Overview of the Vascular System01:20

Overview of the Vascular System

The vascular system comprises an extensive network of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The vascular system can be broadly divided into the blood and lymphatic systems. Typically, blood vessels can be categorized into three histological regions: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima consists of a single layer of endothelial cells attached to the basal lamina. Underlying the basal lamina is a connective tissue layer and an elastic lamina that gives stability and...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue01:15

Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue

In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Early Unguided Human Brain Organoid Neurovascular Niche Modeling into the Permissive Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane
04:08

Early Unguided Human Brain Organoid Neurovascular Niche Modeling into the Permissive Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane

Published on: February 16, 2024

Molecular parallels between neural and vascular development.

Anne Eichmann1, Jean-Léon Thomas

  • 1Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS/UMR 7241-INSERM U1050, Collège de France, 75005 Paris, France. anne.eichmann@yale.edu

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
|October 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The central nervous system (CNS) has a vast blood vessel network crucial for brain function and linked to diseases like stroke. This review covers how these vessels form and interact with brain cells, focusing on vascular endothelial growth factors.

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Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain
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Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Early Unguided Human Brain Organoid Neurovascular Niche Modeling into the Permissive Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane
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Published on: February 16, 2024

Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Analysis for Embryonic Limb Skin Vasculature: a Model System to Study Vascular Branching Morphogenesis in Embryo
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Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain
12:02

Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Published on: January 23, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Vascular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The human central nervous system (CNS) relies on an extensive vascular network receiving significant blood supply.
  • CNS blood vessel dysfunction is implicated in major diseases such as stroke, retinopathy, and cancer.
  • Vascular endothelial cells and pericytes are key extrinsic cell populations that establish the CNS vasculature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing CNS vascular network development.
  • To highlight the critical role of neurovascular interactions in CNS function.
  • To focus on the function of vascular endothelial growth factors in CNS vascularization.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of cellular and molecular mechanisms.
  • Analysis of neurovascular interactions in development and disease.
  • Examination of the role of vascular endothelial growth factors.

Main Results:

  • CNS blood vessels are formed by extrinsic endothelial cells and pericytes.
  • Neurovascular interactions are essential for blood-brain barrier formation and function.
  • Vascular endothelial growth factors play a significant role in CNS vascular development.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding CNS vascular development and neurovascular interactions is vital for addressing neurological diseases.
  • Targeting vascular endothelial growth factors may offer therapeutic strategies for CNS disorders.