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Related Concept Videos

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...
Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...

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Related Experiment Videos

Cervical radiculopathy: a review.

John M Caridi1, Matthias Pumberger, Alexander P Hughes

  • 1Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA.

HSS Journal : the Musculoskeletal Journal of Hospital for Special Surgery
|October 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Cervical radiculopathy, caused by nerve root compression, requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Most patients improve with conservative care, but surgery is an option for severe cases.

Keywords:
ACDFADFcervical radiculopathydisc herniationposterior cervical foraminotomyposterior cervical laminoforaminotomy

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Orthopedics
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Cervical radiculopathy involves pain and/or sensorimotor deficits from cervical nerve root compression.
  • Understanding this condition is crucial for timely diagnosis, treatment, and patient recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the pathophysiology of cervical nerve root compression.
  • To outline diagnostic approaches including history, physical examination, imaging, and electrophysiology.
  • To review operative and non-operative treatment strategies and their application.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive search of the PubMed database for relevant literature.
  • Review of selected articles by independent authors.
  • Synthesis of findings for presentation in this manuscript.

Main Results:

  • Facet joint spondylosis and herniated discs are primary causes of nerve root compression.
  • Symptoms include arm pain, paresthesias, and potential neck pain or motor weakness.
  • Diagnosis relies on patient history, clinical exams, imaging (X-ray, CT, MRI), and electrophysiology.
  • Non-surgical therapies yield significant improvement for most patients.
  • Surgery is indicated for significant motor deficits, intractable pain, or instability.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of cervical radiculopathy hinges on understanding its pathophysiology, diagnostic methods, and treatment indications.
  • Knowledge of surgical techniques like anterior cervical decompression with fusion and posterior cervical laminoforaminotomy is essential.