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Related Concept Videos

Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
Social Foundations of Self II: The Generalized Other01:20

Social Foundations of Self II: The Generalized Other

According to George Herbert Mead, as children progress beyond the game stage, they develop a more comprehensive understanding of societal rules and norms. This cognitive and social development enables them to internalize the expectations of the broader community, refining their ability to regulate behavior.Consistent participation in organized activities is crucial in helping children recognize that their actions are not isolated but contribute to a more significant, interconnected group effort.
The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison02:57

The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison

According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...
Naturalistic Observations02:30

Naturalistic Observations

If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling
06:51

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

Published on: April 6, 2018

The hidden curriculum.

Rechell G Rodriguez1, Derek Mai

  • 1San Antonio Military Medical Center, MCHE-MDV, 3551 Roger Brooke Drive, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA.

Military Medicine
|October 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Medical students reflect on professional values using art to understand the hidden curriculum of professionalism during their Internal Medicine clerkship. This exercise enhances their observation skills and reflective writing abilities.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 18, 2026

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling
06:51

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

Published on: April 6, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Professionalism Studies
  • Art in Medicine

Background:

  • The Uniformed Services University's Internal Medicine clerkship introduced a novel academic exercise.
  • This initiative aims to address the hidden curriculum of professionalism.
  • It targets third-year medical students within the first six weeks of their rotation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of an art-based academic exercise in fostering reflection on professional values.
  • To enhance medical students' understanding of professionalism through observation and artistic interpretation.
  • To integrate reflective practice into the core Internal Medicine curriculum.

Main Methods:

  • Students observed professional activities of peers, faculty, and staff.
  • A selection of art pieces was provided for students to choose from.
  • Participants wrote structured, reflective articles linking observed professionalism to selected artwork.

Main Results:

  • The exercise facilitated engagement with the hidden curriculum of professionalism.
  • Students demonstrated enhanced observational skills regarding professional conduct.
  • Art served as a novel medium for reflecting on professional values and behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • Art-based reflection is a viable method for teaching and assessing professionalism.
  • The exercise successfully integrated reflective practice and observation into medical training.
  • This approach offers a unique pathway to understanding the nuances of professional values in medicine.