Acute abdomen in the patient with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt

When patients who have a ventriculoperitoneal shunt present with an acute abdomen, shunt infection may be the cause. The authors relate the cases of three such patients. Two underwent a laparotomy which failed to show any abnormality and which in retrospect might have been avoided. They review the literature and present a systematic approach to the diagnosis and management of this problem. Specific clues from the patient's history, physical examination and further investigation may clarify the diagnosis. When shunt infection cannot be excluded and the clinical setting does not warrant immediate laparotomy, shunt externalization, cerebrospinal fluid culture, empiric antibiotic therapy and close observation of the patient are recommended.