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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Anti-Nuclear Antibody Screening Using HEp-2 Cells
13:01

Anti-Nuclear Antibody Screening Using HEp-2 Cells

Published on: June 23, 2014

Paraneoplastic rheumatologic syndromes.

Lama Azar1, Atul Khasnis

  • 1Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA. azarl@ccf.org

Current Opinion in Rheumatology
|October 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paraneoplastic rheumatic syndromes, though rare, can signal underlying cancer. Early recognition of these rheumatologic manifestations is crucial for timely cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Anti-Nuclear Antibody Screening Using HEp-2 Cells
13:01

Anti-Nuclear Antibody Screening Using HEp-2 Cells

Published on: June 23, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Oncology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Rheumatic syndromes can manifest as paraneoplastic phenomena.
  • The pathogenesis of these paraneoplastic rheumatologic diseases is often complex and not fully understood.
  • Associations are typically based on concurrent occurrence and parallel clinical courses due to a lack of defined pathogenic links.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and describe rheumatic syndromes that present as paraneoplastic manifestations of underlying malignancies.
  • To highlight the importance of recognizing these rare syndromes as potential early indicators of cancer.

Main Methods:

  • This study is an updated review of existing literature.
  • It focuses on paraneoplastic presentations of specific rheumatologic conditions.

Main Results:

  • The review covers paraneoplastic presentations of synovitis, bone disease, myositis, and vasculitis.
  • It emphasizes that these syndromes can be the initial clinical sign of an occult malignancy.

Conclusions:

  • Paraneoplastic rheumatic syndromes are rare but significant clinical findings.
  • Early identification by clinicians is vital for prompt cancer diagnosis and effective treatment.