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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Ultrasound II: Endoscopic Ultrasound and FibroScan01:25

Ultrasound II: Endoscopic Ultrasound and FibroScan

Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) and FibroScan are valuable diagnostic tools in gastroenterology and hepatology, each with specific applications and techniques.
Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS):
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...

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Updated: May 18, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Diagnosis of hepatitis E.

Rakesh Aggarwal1

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India. aggarwal.ra@gmail.com

Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
|October 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is common in developing nations. Diagnostic tests for HEV antibodies show inconsistent results, especially in developed countries, necessitating improved assay validation.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes enterically-transmitted acute hepatitis globally.
  • Sporadic HEV cases in developed countries are increasingly recognized, often linked to zoonotic transmission and potentially leading to persistent infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the diagnostic performance of available Hepatitis E virus antibody assays.
  • To highlight the challenges in diagnosing HEV infection, especially in low endemicity settings.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic assays for Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection, including IgM and IgG anti-HEV antibodies and HEV RNA detection.
  • Analysis of assay performance, focusing on discordance in results, particularly for IgG antibodies.

Main Results:

  • Current HEV diagnostic assays, especially for IgG antibodies, often yield discordant results.
  • While useful in high endemicity areas, existing antibody assays present challenges for diagnosis in low endemicity regions and for seroprevalence studies.

Conclusions:

  • Existing anti-HEV antibody assays require further validation due to inconsistent performance.
  • Development of new, high-performance diagnostic assays for HEV is crucial for accurate diagnosis and seroprevalence studies.