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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management01:17

Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management

In managing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in nursing, a comprehensive assessment is essential. Begin by gathering subjective data, such as the patient’s complaints of dysuria (painful urination), urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, and any lower abdominal discomfort. This information can be complemented by questions regarding previous UTIs, sexual activity, and personal hygiene practices, which can provide insight into risk factors. Objective assessment should focus on signs like...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
11:02

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development

Published on: October 30, 2013

Bladder conservation for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Peter Hoskin1, Suraiya Dubash

  • 1Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Rickmansworth Road, Northwood, Middlesex, HA6 2RN, UK. peterhoskin@nhs.net

Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy
|October 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Bladder cancer treatment options are evolving. While surgery is standard for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, chemoradiation shows promise for bladder preservation with comparable outcomes. Further research is needed to compare these approaches.

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An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
07:48

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Published on: December 1, 2013

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Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
11:02

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development

Published on: October 30, 2013

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
07:48

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Published on: December 1, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Bladder cancer affects approximately 10,000 UK patients annually, with muscle-invasive stages (T2-T3) representing 10-15% of cases.
  • Patients are often older with comorbidities, and transitional cell carcinoma is the predominant histological type (>90%).
  • Key prognostic factors for bladder cancer include tumor stage and grade.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current management strategies for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
  • To highlight the emerging evidence for non-surgical approaches, specifically chemoradiation, as an alternative to radical cystectomy.
  • To identify areas for future research in optimizing bladder-preserving treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current clinical practices and emerging evidence for bladder cancer treatment.
  • Analysis of the role of radical cystectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.
  • Discussion of non-surgical approaches including chemoradiation and radiosensitizers.

Main Results:

  • Radical cystectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy is the standard for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
  • Evidence suggests chemoradiation achieves comparable results to surgery and allows for bladder preservation in most patients.
  • Optimal chemoradiation schedules and the use of radiosensitizers require further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Nonsurgical approaches like chemoradiation offer a viable bladder-preserving alternative to radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
  • Further research, including prospective randomized trials, is essential to compare state-of-the-art surgery with chemoradiation.
  • High-level evidence is needed to guide informed patient choices regarding bladder cancer treatment.