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Related Concept Videos

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins01:03

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins

For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...
Protein and Protein Structure02:15

Protein and Protein Structure

Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective. They may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes. Their structures, like their functions, vary greatly. They are all, however, amino acid polymers arranged in a linear sequence.
A protein's shape is critical to its function. For example, an enzyme can...
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RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
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RNA Structure01:23

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Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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RNA Structure01:23

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Updated: May 18, 2026

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes
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Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

Published on: April 4, 2025

DNA secondary structures: stability and function of G-quadruplex structures.

Matthew L Bochman1, Katrin Paeschke, Virginia A Zakian

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 101 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Rd., Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.

Nature Reviews. Genetics
|October 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

DNA can form complex G-quadruplex structures, not just the double helix. Emerging evidence suggests these structures play a role in maintaining genome stability and influencing cellular processes like transcription.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • DNA typically exists as a double helix, but can form other secondary structures.
  • Non-B-form DNA structures were once considered in vitro artifacts.
  • Bioinformatics reveals evolutionary conservation of DNA sequences forming these structures, suggesting in vivo relevance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging evidence on G-quadruplex structures.
  • To explore the influence of G-quadruplexes on genomic stability.
  • To investigate the role of G-quadruplexes in cellular processes like transcription.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis of conserved DNA sequences.
  • Review of existing literature on DNA secondary structures.
  • Examination of genes involved in G-quadruplex formation and resolution.

Main Results:

  • DNA sequences forming non-canonical structures are evolutionarily conserved.
  • Genes regulating these structures are found across diverse organisms.
  • Resolution of DNA secondary structures is crucial for genome integrity.

Conclusions:

  • G-quadruplex structures are likely present and functional in vivo.
  • These structures may significantly impact genomic stability.
  • G-quadruplexes could influence fundamental cellular processes such as transcription.