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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
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Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

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The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Chemical Agents for Microbial Control01:27

Chemical Agents for Microbial Control

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Autonomous and Rechargeable Microneurostimulator Endoscopically Implantable into the Submucosa
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Published on: September 27, 2018

Rectal microbicide development.

Ian McGowan1

  • 1University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. imcgowan@pitt.edu

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
|October 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rectal microbicide research is advancing HIV prevention for men who have sex with men (MSM). New rectal-specific formulations, including tenofovir gel, show promise for future effectiveness studies.

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Last Updated: May 18, 2026

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Published on: September 21, 2015

Area of Science:

  • HIV Prevention Research
  • Rectal Microbicides
  • Sexual Health

Background:

  • Men who have sex with men (MSM) face disproportionately high HIV infection rates globally.
  • While oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and vaginal microbicides are established, rectal microbicide development is a critical emerging area.
  • Rectal microbicides offer a targeted approach to prevent HIV transmission during receptive anal intercourse.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status of rectal microbicide research.
  • To identify key opportunities and challenges in the field.
  • To outline future directions for rectal microbicide development and implementation.

Main Methods:

  • Phase 1 clinical studies evaluated safety, acceptability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of candidate rectal microbicides.
  • Specific focus on UC781 and tenofovir gel formulations.
  • Development and assessment of rectal-specific formulations for improved tolerability.

Main Results:

  • Phase 1 studies provided crucial safety and tolerability data for UC781 and tenofovir gels.
  • The vaginal formulation of tenofovir gel demonstrated poor rectal tolerability.
  • Novel rectal-specific tenofovir gel formulations have been developed and assessed in early-stage trials.

Conclusions:

  • Phase 1 studies have yielded valuable data on potential rectal microbicides.
  • Tenofovir gel is progressing towards Phase 2 trials, with potential for larger effectiveness studies soon.
  • Continued research and development are essential for advancing rectal microbicide-based HIV prevention strategies.