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Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior
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Changes in corticospinal excitability during reach adaptation in force fields.

Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry1, Mohammad Ali Ahmadi-Pajouh, Michelle D Harran

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Jean-Jacques.Orban@uclouvain.be

Journal of Neurophysiology
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Summary

Abrupt motor learning causes changes in the primary motor cortex (M1) and corticospinal network excitability, unlike gradual learning. This suggests repetition in abrupt training drives neural plasticity.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Motor Learning

Background:

  • Motor adaptation to perturbations can be achieved through distinct neural mechanisms depending on the learning schedule.
  • Understanding the neural basis of motor adaptation is crucial for rehabilitation and performance enhancement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct neural underpinnings of motor adaptation to abrupt versus gradual perturbations.
  • To examine changes in primary motor cortex (M1) and corticospinal network excitability during motor learning.

Main Methods:

  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to measure motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) from M1 before reach onset.
  • Subjects performed reaching movements in a force field introduced either abruptly or gradually.
  • MEPs were recorded before, during, and after training and washout phases.

Main Results:

  • Both abrupt and gradual training led to increased muscle activity opposing the perturbation.
  • Abrupt training induced a direction-specific increase in corticospinal excitability (MEPs) before reach onset.
  • Gradual training did not show these MEP changes; MEPs did not return to baseline after washout in the abrupt group.

Conclusions:

  • Abrupt training, potentially due to motor command repetition, induces changes in M1 and/or corticospinal network excitability.
  • Gradual training does not appear to engage these specific corticospinal plasticity mechanisms.
  • Washout revealed a masking effect rather than a complete erasure of adaptation, suggesting persistent neural network alterations.