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Determining and Controlling External Power Output During Regular Handrim Wheelchair Propulsion
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Published on: February 5, 2020

Uphill racewalking at iso-efficiency speed.

Johnny Padulo1, Giuseppe Annino, József Tihanyi

  • 1University of "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy. sportcinetic@gmail.com

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
|October 6, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Increasing treadmill gradients significantly alter racewalking (RW) biomechanics. At 7%, racewalkers require greater muscle activity and altered joint angles, while step length and frequency decrease.

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Published on: September 14, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Biomechanics
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Racewalking (RW) performance is influenced by various biomechanical factors.
  • Understanding the effects of inclines on RW is crucial for training and performance optimization.
  • Previous research has not fully elucidated the specific biomechanical adaptations to gradient changes during RW at iso-efficiency speed (IES).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of different treadmill gradients (0%, 2%, and 7%) on key biomechanical parameters during racewalking (RW) at iso-efficiency speed (IES).
  • To analyze changes in muscular activity, kinematics, and cardiovascular response across varying inclines.

Main Methods:

  • Twelve elite racewalkers performed RW on a treadmill at IES across 0%, 2%, and 7% gradients.
  • Biomechanical data collected included surface electromyography (EMG) of leg muscles, kinematic analysis using high-speed cameras, and heart rate (HR) monitoring.
  • Muscle Lab, Dartfish 5.5 Pro, and Polar Cardio were utilized for data acquisition and analysis.

Main Results:

  • Increasing gradient significantly reduced step length (SL), step frequency (SF), and internal work (WINT).
  • Contact time (CT) and heart rate (HR) showed less significant increases with gradient.
  • Joint angles adapted with increased knee angle (KE) and decreased ankle (AK) and hip (HP) angles. EMG activity increased in vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, and biceps femoris, while decreasing in tibialis anterior and rectus femoris at higher gradients.

Conclusions:

  • Treadmill gradients significantly alter racewalking biomechanics, affecting kinematics, muscle activation patterns, and cardiovascular load.
  • A 7% gradient necessitates greater muscle recruitment and alters joint mechanics, indicating a higher physiological demand compared to 0% or 2% gradients.
  • These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing racewalking training programs to enhance performance and efficiency across different terrains.