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Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals
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Rapid decrease of plasma galectin-9 levels in patients with acute HIV infection after therapy.

Hiroki Saitoh1, Yugo Ashino, Haorile Chagan-Yasutan

  • 1Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.

The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine
|October 6, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Elevated galectin-9 (Gal-9) levels indicate severe inflammation during acute HIV-1 infection. This finding suggests Gal-9 may serve as a novel biomarker for early HIV-1 detection and disease severity.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Acute HIV-1 infection often presents with nonspecific symptoms mimicking infectious mononucleosis.
  • Understanding host immune responses during acute HIV-1 infection is crucial for early diagnosis and management.
  • Pro-inflammatory cytokines galectin-9 (Gal-9) and osteopontin (OPN) play complex roles in immune modulation.

Observation:

  • Gal-9, a lectin, modulates T-cell populations, reducing pro-inflammatory cells while increasing regulatory T cells.
  • Osteopontin (OPN) promotes inflammation by inducing Th1/Th17 cells and is synthesized by dendritic cells in HIV-1 infected individuals.
  • Plasma Gal-9 levels are linked to viral load in chronic HIV-1 infection.

Findings:

  • In three acute HIV-1 patients, plasma Gal-9 levels were significantly elevated (over 2,300 pg/ml) compared to the normal range (< 46 pg/ml).
  • These elevated Gal-9 levels rapidly decreased following antiretroviral treatment.
  • Changes in plasma OPN levels were less pronounced compared to Gal-9.

Implications:

  • Extremely high plasma Gal-9 levels during acute HIV-1 infection may predict severe inflammatory status.
  • Gal-9 shows potential as a novel biomarker for identifying acute HIV-1 infection and assessing inflammation.
  • Further research into Gal-9's role could lead to improved diagnostic and prognostic tools for acute HIV-1.