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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

Muscle Coordination and Action

Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
Agonist muscles, often called prime movers, are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft
07:22

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

Published on: June 6, 2025

Rotator cuff tears in overhead athletes.

Kostas J Economopoulos1, Stephen F Brockmeier

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, 400 Ray C. Hunt Drive, Suite 330, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.

Clinics in Sports Medicine
|October 9, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Rotator cuff injuries in overhead athletes are common and challenging. While partial tears treated with debridement show good outcomes, full-thickness tears often have poor surgical results, necessitating improved techniques.

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Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: March 6, 2026

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft
07:22

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

Published on: June 6, 2025

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears
07:10

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: March 6, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Athletic Training

Background:

  • Overhead athletes experience significant rotator cuff stress, leading to injuries like tensile overload and impingement.
  • Diagnosing rotator cuff disease in these athletes is complex due to common asymptomatic abnormalities and co-occurring injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the outcomes of rotator cuff surgery specifically in overhead athletes.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of different surgical approaches based on tear severity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies reporting on rotator cuff surgery outcomes in overhead athletes.
  • Analysis of surgical treatment strategies, including debridement and formal repair, based on tear thickness.

Main Results:

  • Partial-thickness rotator cuff tears treated with arthroscopic debridement generally have favorable outcomes, allowing return to sport.
  • Full-thickness rotator cuff tears in overhead athletes demonstrate significantly poorer outcomes following surgical repair.

Conclusions:

  • Surgical outcomes for rotator cuff tears in overhead athletes are closely linked to tear severity.
  • Further advancements in surgical techniques are crucial to enhance outcomes and facilitate consistent return to sports for this population.